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Author notes

1. These authors contributed equally: Audrey Leong, Yueming Li, Thijs R. Ruikes.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France

   Audrey Leong, Thijs R. Ruikes, Clémence Bradic, Corentin Joffrois, Gilles Tessier, Marion Cornebois, Julie Dégardin & Serge Picaud

2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

   Yueming Li, Yuhao Yuan, Guo Chen, Ji-Xin Cheng & Chen Yang

3. Axorus SAS, Loos, France

   Julien Voillot, Arnaud Facon, Chakrya-Anna Chhuon, Jean-Damien Louise & Hélène Moulet

4. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

   Ji-Xin Cheng

5. Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

   Chen Yang

Contributions

Equal contributions: A.L., Y.L., TR.R., S.P., and H.M. A.L., Y.L., TR.R., and H.M. designed the experiments. A.L., Y.L., TR.R., H.M., J.V., A.F., C-A.C., G.C., Y.Y., C.J., C.B, M.C. and J.D. carried out the experiments and analyzed the data. J-D.L. and G.T. provided support for the experiments, study design and data analysis. H.M., J-D.L., J-X.C., C.Y., and S.P. conceived the project and contributed to study design and data interpretation. A.L., Y.L., TR.R., C.Y., H.M., and S.P. wrote the manuscript with input from all others.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Ji-Xin Cheng, Chen Yang, Hélène Moulet or Serge Picaud.

Competing interests

This study was funded in part by the company Axorus SAS. J-DL and HM are major stakeholders in Axorus. CY and J-XC are minor stakeholders in Axorus. YL was partially supported by Axorus SAS. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review information

Nature Communications thanks the anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

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