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Author notes

1. These authors contributed equally: Xiao Chen, Dongyang Zhou, Jian Wang, Han Liu.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

   Xiao Chen, Hao Zhang, Guangchao Wang, Hao Shen, Yuanwei Zhang, Zuhao Li, Dongliang Wang, Chongru He & Jiacan Su

2. Trauma Orthopedics Center, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

   Xiao Chen, Hao Zhang, Guangchao Wang, Hao Shen, Yuanwei Zhang, Zuhao Li, Dongliang Wang, Chongru He & Jiacan Su

3. Institute of Musculoskeletal Injury and Organoid Translational Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

   Xiao Chen, Hao Zhang, Guangchao Wang, Hao Shen, Yuanwei Zhang, Zuhao Li, Dongliang Wang, Chongru He & Jiacan Su

4. Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

   Dongyang Zhou, Jian Wang, Han Liu, Zhen Geng, Xiaoxiang Ren, Xiuhui Wang, Ke Xu, Long Bai, Yan Wei & Jiacan Su

5. National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

   Dongyang Zhou, Jian Wang, Han Liu, Zhen Geng, Xiaoxiang Ren, Xiuhui Wang, Ke Xu, Long Bai, Yan Wei & Jiacan Su

6. Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

   Dongyang Zhou, Jian Wang, Han Liu, Zhen Geng, Xiaoxiang Ren, Xiuhui Wang, Ke Xu, Long Bai, Yan Wei & Jiacan Su

7. Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

   Xiaoyuan Chen

8. Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

   Xiaoyuan Chen

9. Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

   Xiaoyuan Chen

10. Theranostics Center of Excellence (TCE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaoyuan Chen

11. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaoyuan Chen

12. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Xiaoyuan Chen

Contributions

Conceptualization: Xiaoyuan Chen, Y.W. and J.S. Methodology: Xiao Chen, D.Z., J.W. and H.L. Investigation: Xiao Chen, D.Z., J.W., L.B., Z.G., G.W. and H.S. Visualization: H.Z., Y.Z., Z.L., D.W., X.R., X.W., K.X. and C.H. Writing (original draft): Xiao Chen, D.Z. and Y.W. Writing (review and editing): L.B., Xiaoyuan Chen, Y.W. and J.S.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Long Bai, Yan Wei, Xiaoyuan Chen or Jiacan Su.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Peer review information

Nature Nanotechnology thanks Craig Duvall and Max Löhning for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

Extended Data Fig. 1 CM-Ms@IOX4 attenuates pathological alterations in the OA sheep.

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