Martin, S. S. et al. 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation 149, e347–e913 (2024).
Powers, W. J. Acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 252–260 (2020).
Iadecola, C. & Anrather, J. The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation. Nat. Med. 17, 796–808 (2011).
Phipps, M. S. & Cronin, C. A. Management of acute ischemic stroke. BMJ 368, l6983 (2020).
Tang, L. et al. Combining nanotechnology with the multifunctional roles of neutrophils against cancer and inflammatory disease. Nanoscale 14, 1621–1645 (2022).
Li, S. et al. Artificial mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles enhanced ischemic stroke treatment through targeted remodeling brain microvascular endothelial cells. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 15, 4248–4264 (2025).
Wu, S. et al. Mesenchymal stem cells with polydopamine-coated NaGdF4 nanoparticles with Ca2+ chelation ability for ischemic stroke therapy. Adv. Mater. 37, e2416020 (2025).
Wang, S. et al. Inhibiting mitochondrial damage for efficient treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through sequential targeting nanomedicine of neuronal mitochondria in affected brain tissue. Adv. Mater. 36, e2409529 (2024).
Hu, X. et al. Microglial and macrophage polarization-new prospects for brain repair. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 11, 56–64 (2015).
Eltzschig, H. K. & Eckle, T. Ischemia and reperfusion-from mechanism to translation. Nat. Med. 17, 1391–1401 (2011).
Tang, L. et al. Blood-brain barrier-penetrating and lesion-targeting nanoplatforms inspired by the pathophysiological features for synergistic ischemic stroke therapy. Adv. Mater. 36, e2312897 (2024).
Wu, D. et al. Pathogenesis-adaptive polydopamine nanosystem for sequential therapy of ischemic stroke. Nat. Commun. 14, 7147 (2023).
He, M. et al. Black phosphorus nanosheets protect neurons by degrading aggregative alpha-syn and clearing ROS in Parkinson’s disease. Adv. Mater. 36, e2404576 (2024).
Yin, Y. et al. Microneedle patch-involved local therapy synergized with immune checkpoint inhibitor for pre- and post-operative cancer treatment. J. Control. Release 379, 678–695 (2025).
He, Z. et al. Resolvin D1 delivery to lesional macrophages using antioxidative black phosphorus nanosheets for atherosclerosis treatment. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 1386–1398 (2024).
Hou, J. et al. Treating acute kidney injury with antioxidative black phosphorus nanosheets. Nano Lett. 20, 1447–1454 (2020).
Bigham, A. et al. Black phosphorus-based nanoplatforms for cancer therapy: chemistry, design, biological and therapeutic behaviors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 54, 827–897 (2025).
Liu, H. et al. Black phosphorus, an emerging versatile nanoplatform for cancer immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 13, 1344 (2021).
Ma, Z., Zeng, P., Zhai, T., Zhao, Y. & Liang, H. In situ mitochondrial biomineralization for drug-free cancer therapy. Adv. Mater. 36, e2310218 (2024).
Liu, Y. et al. Customized intranasal hydrogel delivering methylene blue ameliorates cognitive dysfunction against Alzheimer’s disease. Adv. Mater. 36, e2307081 (2024).
Jiang, S. et al. AMPK: potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Theranostics 8, 4535–4551 (2018).
Tang, L. et al. Leveraging nano-engineered mesenchymal stem cells for intramedullary spinal cord tumor treatment. Chin. Chem. Lett. 34, 107801 (2023).
Tang, L. et al. Chemoimmunotherapeutic nanogel for pre- and postsurgical treatment of malignant melanoma by reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages. Nano Lett. 24, 1717–1728 (2024).
Cao, Y. et al. Black phosphorus quantum dot loaded bioinspired nanoplatform synergized with aPD-L1 for multimode cancer immunotherapy. Nano Lett. 24, 6767–6777 (2024).
Tang, L. et al. Extracellular vesicles-derived hybrid nanoplatforms for amplified CD47 blockade-based cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Mater. 35, e2303835 (2023).
Zhao, Y. et al. Neutrophil membrane-camouflaged polyprodrug nanomedicine for inflammation suppression in ischemic stroke therapy. Adv. Mater. 36, e2311803 (2024).
Liu, J. et al. The potential capacities of FTY720: novel therapeutic functions, targets, and mechanisms against diseases. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 290, 117508 (2025).
Muñoz, J. P. et al. FTY720-P, a biased S1PR ligand, increases mitochondrial function through STAT3 activation in cardiac cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 7374 (2023).
Wang, X. et al. Drug delivery pathways to the central nervous system via the brain glymphatic system circumventing the blood-brain barrier. Exploration 5, 20240036 (2024).
Guo, L. S. et al. Exploring the diagnostic potential: magnetic particle imaging for brain diseases. Mil. Med. Res. 12, 18 (2025).
Lv, W. et al. Advances of nano drug delivery system for the theranostics of ischemic stroke. J. Nanobiotechnology 20, 248 (2022).
Wang, G. et al. Tailored borneol-modified lipid nanoparticles nasal spray for enhanced nose-to-brain delivery to central nervous system diseases. ACS Nano 18, 23684–23701 (2024).
Hu, J. et al. Intranasal delivery of near-infrared and magnetic dual-response nanospheres to rapidly produce antidepressant-like and cognitive enhancement effects. Adv. Mater. 36, e2405547 (2024).
Shen, X. et al. Exploring the potential to enhance drug distribution in the brain subregion via intranasal delivery of nanoemulsion in combination with borneol as a guider. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 18, 100778 (2023).
Deruyver, L., Rigaut, C., Lambert, P., Haut, B. & Goole, J. The importance of pre-formulation studies and of 3D-printed nasal casts in the success of a pharmaceutical product intended for nose-to-brain delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 175, 113826 (2021).
Kang, Y. et al. Nanocarrier-based transdermal drug delivery systems for dermatological therapy. Pharmaceutics 16, 1384 (2024).
Chen, L. et al. Recent progress in targeted delivery vectors based on biomimetic nanoparticles. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 6, 225 (2021).
Wu, J. et al. Nanotechnology reinforced neutrophil-based therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases therapy. Nano Today 46, 101577 (2022).
Su, J. et al. Visualization of nasal powder distribution using biomimetic human nasal cavity model. Acta Pharm. Sin. B 14, 392–404 (2024).
Tang, L. et al. Size-switchable and dual-targeting nanomedicine for cancer chemoimmunotherapy by potentiating deep tumor penetration and antitumor immunity. Chem. Eng. J. 493, 152590 (2024).
Liao, J. et al. Magnetic field driven ceria nanosystems for mitochondria targeted therapy of ischemic stroke. Adv. Funct. Mater. 35, 2423291 (2025).
He, W. et al. Drug-free biomimetic oxygen supply nanovehicle promotes ischemia-reperfusion therapy in stroke. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2212919 (2023).
Zou, Y. et al. Cancer cell-mitochondria hybrid membrane coated Gboxin loaded nanomedicines for glioblastoma treatment. Nat. Commun. 14, 4557 (2023).
Xiao, Q. et al. Two-pronged attack: dual activation of fat reduction using near-infrared-responsive nanosandwich for targeted anti-obesity treatment. Adv. Sci. 11, e2406985 (2024).
Wang, Y. et al. Synergistic therapy for cervical cancer by codelivery of cisplatin and JQ1 inhibiting Plk1-mutant Trp53 axis. Nano Lett. 21, 2412–2421 (2021).
Liu, H. et al. Photoresponsive multirole nanoweapon camouflaged by hybrid cell membrane vesicles for efficient antibacterial therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected pneumonia and wound. Adv. Sci. 11, e2403101 (2024).
Su, Y. et al. A neutrophil membrane-functionalized black phosphorus riding inflammatory signal for positive feedback and multimode cancer therapy. Mater. Horiz. 7, 574–585 (2020).
Cheng, G. et al. Swiss Army Knife” black phosphorus-based nanodelivery platform for synergistic antiparkinsonian therapy via remodeling the brain microenvironment. J. Control. Release 353, 752–766 (2023).
Zhao, Y. et al. PolyMetformin combines carrier and anticancer activities for in vivo siRNA delivery. Nat. Commun. 7, 11822 (2016).
Mei, Y. et al. A minimally designed PD-L1-targeted nanocomposite for positive feedback-based multimodal cancer therapy. Mater. Today 60, 52–68 (2022).
Yin, Y. et al. Targeted microglial membrane-coated microRNA nanosponge mediates inhibition of glioblastoma. ACS Nano 18, 29089–29105 (2024).
Fan, Q. et al. Multiple synergistic effects of the microglia membrane-bionic nanoplatform on mediate tumor microenvironment remodeling to amplify glioblastoma immunotherapy. ACS Nano 18, 14469–14486 (2024).
Gao, J. et al. A nano-strategy for advanced triple-negative breast cancer therapy by regulating intratumoral microbiota. Nano Lett. 25, 6134–6144 (2025).
Du, Y. et al. Ultrasmall iron-gallic acid coordination polymer nanodots with antioxidative neuroprotection for PET/MR imaging-guided ischemia stroke therapy. Exploration 3, 20220041 (2023).
Lu, H. et al. Radical-scavenging and subchondral bone-regenerating nanomedicine for osteoarthritis treatment. ACS Nano 17, 6131–6146 (2023).
Mei, Y. et al. Versatile hydrogel-based drug delivery platform for multimodal cancer therapy from bench to bedside. Appl. Mater. Today 39, 102341 (2024).
Wang, R. et al. Biomimetic nanomotors for deep ischemia penetration and ferroptosis inhibition in neuroprotective therapy of ischemic stroke. Adv. Mater. 37, e2409176 (2025).
Shi, J. et al. Bioinspired nanosponge for salvaging ischemic stroke via free radical scavenging and self-adapted oxygen regulating. Nano Lett. 20, 780–789 (2019).
Tang, L. et al. Micro/nano system-mediated local treatment in conjunction with immune checkpoint inhibitor against advanced-stage malignant melanoma. Chem. Eng. J. 497, 154499 (2024).
Liao, J. et al. Bioactive ceria nanoenzymes target mitochondria in reperfusion injury to treat ischemic stroke. ACS Nano 18, 5510–5529 (2024).
Kong, J., Chu, R. & Wang, Y. Neuroprotective treatments for ischemic stroke: opportunities for nanotechnology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2209405 (2022).
Ding, X. et al. Enhanced blood-brain barrier penetrability of BACE1 SiRNA-loaded prussian blue nanocomplexes for Alzheimer’s disease synergy therapy. Exploration 5, e20230178 (2025).
Oka, N. et al. Protective effects of alpha-mangostin encapsulated in cyclodextrin-nanoparticle on cerebral ischemia. J. Control. Release 353, 216–228 (2023).
Tang, L. et al. Dual-targeting nanozyme combined with aPD-L1-based immunotherapy for combating cancer recurrence and metastasis. Mater. Today 73, 79–95 (2024).
Tang, L. et al. Bioorthogonal chemistry-guided inhalable nanoprodrug to circumvent cisplatin resistance in orthotopic nonsmall cell lung cancer. ACS Nano 18, 32103–32117 (2024).
Giacomello, M., Pyakurel, A., Glytsou, C. & Scorrano, L. The cell biology of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 21, 204–224 (2020).
Huang, G. et al. Bioactive nanoenzyme reverses oxidative damage and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurons under ischemic stroke. ACS Nano 16, 431–452 (2022).
Gosselin, D. et al. An environment-dependent transcriptional network specifies human microglia identity. Science 356, eaal3222 (2017).
Tang, L. et al. Harnessing nanobiotechnology for cerebral ischemic stroke management. Biomater. Sci. 11, 791–812 (2023).
Liu, Y. et al. MLIF modulates microglia polarization in ischemic stroke by targeting eEF1A1. Front Pharm. 12, 725268 (2021).
Zeng, F. et al. Custom-made ceria nanoparticles show a neuroprotective effect by modulating phenotypic polarization of the microglia. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 57, 5808–5812 (2018).
Wei, L. et al. Multifunctional PHC bandage for accelerated wound healing in movable parts. Exploration 5, 20230176 (2025).
Zhang, Y. et al. Biomimetic design of mitochondria-targeted hybrid nanozymes as superoxide scavengers. Adv. Mater. 33, e2006570 (2021).
Bai, X. et al. Two-dimensional biodegradable black phosphorus nanosheets promote large full-thickness wound healing through in situ regeneration therapy. ACS Nano 18, 3553–3574 (2024).
Zhang, J. et al. Targeted delivery of black phosphorus nanosheets by ROS responsive complex hydrogel based on angiogenesis and antioxidant promotes myocardial infarction repair. J. Nanobiotechnology 22, 433 (2024).
Jin, Q. et al. Improvement of functional recovery by chronic metformin treatment is associated with enhanced alternative activation of microglia/macrophages and increased angiogenesis and neurogenesis following experimental stroke. Brain Behav. Immun. 40, 131–142 (2014).
Liu, Q. et al. Peripheral TREM1 responses to brain and intestinal immunogens amplify stroke severity. Nat. Immunol. 20, 1023–1034 (2019).
Becher, B., Spath, S. & Goverman, J. Cytokine networks in neuroinflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 49–59 (2016).
Fu, C. et al. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles-clothed nanoparticles delivered by live macrophages for potentiating antitumor photoimmunotherapy. Chem. Eng. J. 499, 156420 (2024).
Hiukka, A., Maranghi, M., Matikainen, N. & Taskinen, M. R. PPARalpha: an emerging therapeutic target in diabetic microvascular damage. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 6, 454–463 (2010).
Bougarne, N. et al. Molecular actions of PPARalpha in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Endocr. Rev. 39, 760–802 (2018).
Straus, D. S. & Glass, C. K. Anti-inflammatory actions of PPAR ligands: new insights on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol. 28, 551–558 (2007).
Zhang, J. et al. ATM functions at the peroxisome to induce pexophagy in response to ROS. Nat. Cell Biol. 17, 1259–1269 (2015).
He, A., Dean, J. M. & Lodhi, I. J. Peroxisomes as cellular adaptors to metabolic and environmental stress. Trends Cell Biol. 31, 656–670 (2021).
Su, Y. et al. Macrophage membrane-camouflaged lipoprotein nanoparticles for effective obesity treatment based on a sustainable self-reinforcement strategy. Acta Biomater. 152, 519–531 (2022).
Sun, S. et al. Smart liposomal nanocarrier enhanced the treatment of ischemic stroke through neutrophil extracellular traps and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway inhibition of ischemic penumbra. ACS Nano 17, 17845–17857 (2023).
