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Authors and Affiliations

1. The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-no-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, 277-8581, Chiba, Japan

   Yifan Liu, Takeshi Ohdaira, Emi Kitakata, Yoshihisa Harada & Kumiko Hayashi

2. Department of Complexity Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-no-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Chiba, Japan

   Yifan Liu

3. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Burnaby, V5A1S6, Canada

   Michael A. Silverman

4. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Burnaby, V5A1S6, Canada

   Jhunam Sidhu

5. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan

   Jun Okubo

6. Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-no-ha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Chiba, Japan

   Yoshihisa Harada

Contributions

Y.L. performed the experiments and data analysis. T.O. provided NB supplemented culture media with the help of E.K., and associated protocols. M.A.S. and J.S. taught Y.L. and K.H. the cell culture and ICC methods. J.O. developed the basic part of the particle detection program. K.H. designed the experiments together with T.O., and wrote the manuscript in collaboration with L.Y. and T.O. Y.H. participated in discussions related to the research and provided advice on NB research.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Takeshi Ohdaira or Kumiko Hayashi.

Competing interests

Co-author Dr. Ohdaira is the founder of Ohdaira Laboratory Co., Ltd. (Saitama, Japan), which developed thenanobubble production method used in this study (Japanese Patent Nos. 7637707 and 7227694; US Patent No.12329152; US Application No. 16/770528; Chinese Patent No. ZL201880088629.2; Korean Patent Nos. 10-2667835 and 10-2657332; European Patent No. 3721886). This relationship has been disclosed to the publisherand does not affect the objectivity or neutrality of the research. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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