References
-
Zhu, Z. et al. J. Co-contamination and interactions of multiple mycotoxins and heavy metals in rice, maize, soybeans, and wheat flour marketed in Shanghai City. J. Hazard. Mater. 474, 134695. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134695
-
Taghizadeh, S. F., Tabriznia Tabrizi, G., Ahmadpourmir, H., Karimi, G. & Rezaee, R. Dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin G1, ochratoxin A, and patulin through fruit juice consumption: A probabilistic assessment of health risk. Toxicol. Rep. 14, 101894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2025.101894 (2025).
-
Gemede, H. F. & Toxicity Mitigation, and Chemical Analysis of Aflatoxins and Other Toxic Metabolites Produced by Aspergillus: A Comprehensive Review. Toxins 2025. 17, 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17070331 (2025).
-
Jalili, C. et al. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin on the reproductive system: Focus on cell cycle dynamics and apoptosis in testicular tissue. Toxicology 504, 153773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2024.153773 (2024).
-
Jin, J., Kouznetsova, V. L., Kesari, S. & Tsigelny, I. F. Synergism in actions of HBV with aflatoxin in cancer development. Toxicology 499, 153652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2023.153652 (2023).
-
Yang, X., Zhang, Q., Chen, Z. Y., Liu, H. & Li, P. Investigation of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 3JW1 on preventing and reducing aflatoxin contaminations in peanuts. PLoS One. 12 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178810 (2017).
-
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. Codex Revision of Code of Practice for Aflatoxin B1 (CXC 45-1997). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2025).
-
Jobe, M. C. et al. Pathological Role of Oxidative Stress in Aflatoxin-Induced Toxicity in Different Experimental Models and Protective Effect of Phytochemicals: A Review. Molecules 28, 5369. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145369 (2023).
-
Reverberi, M., Zjalic, S., Ricelli, A., Fabbri, A. A. & Fanelli, C. Oxidant/antioxidant balance inAspergillus parasiticus affects aflatoxin biosynthesis. Mycotoxin Res. 22, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02954556 (2006).
-
Dineshkumar, R., Kumaravel, R., Gopalsamy, J., Sikder, M. N. A. & Sampathkumar, P. Microalgae as bio-fertilizers for rice growth and seed yield productivity. Waste Biomass Valorization. 9, 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9873-5 (2018).
-
Zhang, Y. et al. Structural insights into the elevator-type transport mechanism of a bacterial ZIP metal transporter. Nature Communications 2023 14:1 14, 385. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36048-4
-
Bozzi, A. T. & Gaudet, R. Molecular mechanism of NRAMP-family transition metal transport. J. Mol. Biol. 433, 166991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166991 (2021).
-
Sun, B. et al. Application of biofertilizer containing Bacillus subtilis reduced the nitrogen loss in agricultural soil. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 148, 107911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107911 (2020).
-
Ma, L., Terwilliger, A. & Maresso, A. W. Iron and zinc exploitation during bacterial pathogenesis. Metallomics 7, 1541–1554. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5mt00170f (2015).
-
Chu, L., Schäfer, C. C. & Matthes, M. S. Molecular mechanisms affected by boron deficiency in root and shoot meristems of plants. J. Exp. Bot. 76, 1866–1878. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraf036 (2025).
-
Vera-Maldonado, P. et al. Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants. Front. Plant. Sci. 15, 1332459. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1332459 (2024).
-
Arif, H., Siraj, U., Ana, Ali, S., Zia, A. & Ali, S. De Lo Rios-Escalante, P. R. Synergistic roles of zinc and boron in enhancing growth, stress physiology, and heavy metal tolerance in Brassica rapa L. Discover Plants. 3, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-026-00486-3 (2026).
-
Javed, A. et al. Turnip (Brassica rapus L.): a natural health tonic. Braz. J. Food Technol. 22 https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.25318 (2019).
-
Glick, B. R. & Glick, B. R. Introduction to plant growth-promoting bacteria. Beneficial plant-bacterial interactions 1–37. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44368-9
-
Wimmer, M. A. & Eichert, T. Mechanisms for boron deficiency-mediated changes in plant water relations. Plant Sci. 203, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.12.012 (2013).
-
Wei, C. et al. Hormetic effects of zinc on growth and antioxidant defense system of wheat plants. Sci. Total Environ. 807, 150992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150992 (2022).
-
Shams, W. A. et al. Physiochemical and Biological Properties of Water of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa District Bannu, Pakistan 2014. Int. J. Photochem. Photobiology. 2, 12–15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20180201.13 (2018).
-
Siraj, U., Shams, W. A., Rehman, G. & Niaz, S. Serological Diagnosis of Salmonella typhi in DHQ (District Head Quarter Hospital) of Charsadda, City of Kp Pakistan. Comput. Biology Bioinf. 6, 21–24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cbb.20180601.12 (2018).
-
Mubeen, A., Saeed, M. T., Saleem, M. F. & Wahid, M. A. Zinc and Boron Application Improves Yield, Yield Components and Gross Returns of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L). J. Arable Crops Mark. 2, 79–87. https://doi.org/10.33687/jacm.002.02.3521 (2020).
-
Gupta, R., Verma, N. & Tewari, R. K. Micronutrient deficiency-induced oxidative stress in plants. Plant. Cell. Rep. 43, 213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-024-03297-6 (2024).
-
Ali, M. M., Gull, S., Hu, X., Hou, Y. & Chen, F. Exogenously applied zinc improves sugar-acid profile of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) by regulating enzymatic activities and expression of their metabolism-related genes. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 201, 107829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107829 (2023).
-
Kaval, A., Yılmaz, H., Gedik, T., Yıldız Kutman, S., Kutman, Ü. B. & B. & The Fungal Root Endophyte Serendipita indica (Piriformospora indica) Enhances Bread and Durum Wheat Performance under Boron Toxicity at Both Vegetative and Generative Stages of Development through Mechanisms Unrelated to Mineral Homeostasis. Biology (Basel). 12, 1098. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12081098 (2023).
-
Safdar, M. E. et al. Combined Application of Boron and Zinc Improves Seed and Oil Yields and Oil Quality of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). Agronomy 2023, Vol. 13, Page 2020 13, (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082020 (2023).
-
Effect of Irrigation Frequencies and Foliar Application of Zinc. Boron on Growth and Yield of Yellow Sarson (Brassica rapa). Int. J. Plant. Soil. Sci. 35, 1355–1361. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i203935 (2023).
-
Ahmad, M. A. et al. Synergistic effects of boron and zinc foliar applications on growth and post-harvest storage attributes of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar Argana. BMC Plant Biol. 25 (1), 25–1623. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07723-z (2025). (2025).
-
Nuraga, G. W., Feyissa, T., Demissew, S., Tesfaye, K. & Woldegiorgis, A. Z. Comparison of proximate, mineral and phytochemical composition of enset (Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman) landraces used for a different purpose. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 14, 1326–1334. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2019.13993 (2019).
-
Punchay, K., Inta, A., Tiansawat, P., Balslev, H. & Wangpakapattanawong, P. Nutrient and mineral compositions of wild leafy vegetables of the Karen and Lawa communities in Thailand. Foods 9, 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9121748 (2020).
-
Safdar, B., Pang, Z., Liu, X., Rashid, M. T. & Jatoi, M. A. Structural and functional properties of raw and defatted flaxseed flour and degradation of cynogenic contents using different processing methods. J. Food Process. Eng. 43, e13406. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13406 (2020).
-
Ali, H. et al. Individual and interactive effects of amino acid and paracetamol on growth, physiological, and biochemical aspects of Brassica napus L. under drought conditions. Heliyon 10, 31544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31544 (2024).
-
Xue, Y. et al. Interaction Effects of Nitrogen Rates and Forms Combined With and Without Zinc Supply on Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Maize Seedlings. Front. Plant. Sci. 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.722752 (2021).
-
Farooq, H. et al. Enhancing zinc and iron biofortification in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) through various application methods. Scientific Reports 2025 15:1 15, 10974. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95441-9
-
Fan, X., Zhou, X., Chen, H., Tang, M. & Xie, X. Cross-Talks Between Macro- and Micronutrient Uptake and Signaling in Plants. Front. Plant. Sci. 12, 663477. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.663477 (2021).
-
Shahrajabian, M. H., Kuang, Y., Cui, H., Fu, L. & Sun, W. Metabolic changes of active components of important medicinal plants on the basis of traditional Chinese medicine under different environmental stresses. Curr. Org. Chem. 27, 782–806. https://doi.org/10.2174/1385272827666230807150910 (2023).
-
Gao, S. et al. Zinc-selenium interaction regulates leaf photosynthesis and mediates grain sugar metabolism to improve the yield and quality of hybrid rice: A physiological perspective. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 221, 109611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109611 (2025).
-
Malik, A. & Garg, V. K. Bioremediation for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003277941
-
Kamran, A. et al. Boron bioavailability enhanced by foliar applied fulvic acid to improve grain yield and quality of fine basmati rice. Scientific Reports 2025 15:1 15, 30862. (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04747-1
-
Mshanga, N. et al. Association Between Aflatoxin Exposure and Haemoglobin, Zinc, andC, and A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2025, Vol. 17, Page 855 17, 855. (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050855
-
Jalil, S. et al. Zinc and nano zinc mediated alleviation of heavy metals and metalloids in plants: an overview. Funct. Plant Biol. 50, 870–888. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP23021 (2023).
-
da Bungala, C. et al. U Analysis of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Content in Sprouts of 7 Brassica rapa Subspecies. Nat. Prod. Commun. 19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X2412585 (2024).
-
Zhang, X., Jia, Q., Jia, X., Li, J., Sun, X., Min, L., … & Zhao, J. Brassica vegetables – an undervalued nutritional goldmine. Hortic. Res.12, https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhae302 (2025).
-
Serrano, C. et al. Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Brassica rapa and Brassica napus Ex Situ Collection from Portugal. Foods 13 (1164). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13081164 (2024).
-
Dixon, R. A. & Paiva, N. L. Stress-Induced Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. Plant. Cell. 7, 1085–1097. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.7.7.1085 (1995).
-
Alloway, B. J. Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. International Zinc Association Int. Fertilizer Association 16, (2008).
-
Dai, Z. et al. Role of Nanofertilization in Plant Nutrition under Abiotic Stress Conditions. Chemosphere 143496. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143496
-
Bartolić, D. et al. Associations Between Mineral Composition and Aflatoxin B1 in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seeds: Toward Contamination Indicators and Food Safety. Foods 14, 3552. (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14203552
-
Hu, P. et al. Zinc intake ameliorates intestinal morphology and oxidative stress of broiler chickens under heat stress. Front. Immunol. 14, 1308907. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308907 (2024).
-
Qu, M. et al. Understanding the role of boron in plant adaptation to soil salinity. Physiol. Plant. 176, 14358. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.14358 (2024).
-
Pożarska, A. et al. AFB1 Toxicity in Human Food and Animal Feed Consumption: A Review of Experimental Treatments and Preventive Measures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024. 25, Page 5305 (25), 5305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105305 (2024).
-
Karatekeli, S., Demirel, H. H., Zemheri-Navruz, F. & Ince, S. Boron exhibits hepatoprotective effect together with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways in rats exposed to aflatoxin B1. J. Trace Elem. Med Biol. 77, 127127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127127 (2023).
-
Safdar,M. E., Qamar, R., Javed, A., Nadeem, M. A., Javeed, H. M. R., Farooq, S., … Ahmed,M. A. Combined Application of Boron and Zinc Improves Seed and Oil Yields and Oil Quality of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). Agronomy 13, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082020 (2023).
-
Ahmad, Z. et al. Exogenously Applied Silicon and Zinc Mitigate Salt Stress by Improving Leaf Pigments and Antioxidant Activities in Canola Cultivars. Silicon 15, 5435–5444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02446-y (2023).
-
Bhadra, T. et al. Zinc and Boron Soil Applications Affect Athelia rolfsii Stress Response in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants. Plants 12, 3509. (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193509
-
Kumari, V. V. et al. Plant Nutrition: An Effective Way to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Crops. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158519 (2022).
-
Pour-Aboughadareh, A., Khalili, M., Poczai, P. & Olivoto, T. Stability Indices to Deciphering the Genotype-by-Environment Interaction (GEI) Effect: An Applicable Review for Use in Plant Breeding Programs. Plants (Basel). 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030414 (2022).
-
Halim, A. et al. Field Assessment of Two Micronutrients (Zinc and Boron) on the Seed Yield and Oil Content of Mustard. Seeds 2, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds2010010 (2023).
-
Limcharoensuk, T. et al. Aqueous extract of Cissus quadrangularis L. alleviates heavy metal toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by limiting metal uptake and enhancing detoxification mechanisms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 299, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118408 (2025).
-
Ullah, A. et al. Antimicrobial activity of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana and Caesalpinia decapetala plant extracts against selected pathogens. Nat. Appl. Sci. Int. J. (NASIJ). 4, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.nasij/4.2.5 (2023).
-
Wojtyla, Ł., Lechowska, K., Kubala, S. & Garnczarska, M. Different modes of hydrogen peroxide action during seed germination. Front. Plant. Sci. 7, 175649. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00066 (2016).
-
Awuchi, C. G. et al. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies—A Revisit. Food 10, 1279. (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061279
-
Shin, C., Hwang, J. Y., Yoon, J. H., Kim, S. H. & Kang, G. J. Simultaneous determination of neurotoxic shellfish toxins (brevetoxins) in commercial shellfish by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control. 91 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21610 (2018).
-
AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2005).
-
Shukla, S. et al. Effect of farmyard manure and Azotobacter on the nutritional quality of high-altitude-grown cruciferous vegetables: an exploratory study. J. Agric. Food Res. 21, 101947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101947 (2025).
-
FAO/WHO. Human Vitamin and Mineral Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. (2003).
-
Shukla, S. et al. Effect of cold arid high-altitude environment on bioactive phytochemical compounds of organically grown Brassicaceae vegetables for nutri-health security in mountainous regions. Sci. Rep. 14, 15976. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64926-4 (2024).
-
Lamba, K. et al. Heat stress tolerance indices for identification of the heat-tolerant wheat genotypes. Sci. Rep. 13, 10842. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37634-8 (2023).
