References
-
Balachiranjeevi, C. H. Identification of a novel locus, BPH38(t), conferring resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål.) using an early backcross population in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Euphytica 215, 185 (2019).
-
Min, S., Lee, S. W., Choi, B. R., Lee, S. H. & Kwon, D. H. Insecticide resistance monitoring and correlation analysis to select appropriate insecticides against Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), a migratory pest in Korea. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 17(4), 711–716 (2014).
-
Jena, K. K. & Kim, S. M. Current status of brown planthopper (BPH) resistance and genetics. Rice 3, 161–171 (2010).
-
Mota-Sanchez, D. & Wise, J. C. The Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database. Michigan State University. On-line at: (2025). http://www.pesticideresistance.org
-
IRAC. (2025). http://www.irac-online.org/. Based on Insecticide MoA Classification Scheme, Version 11.1.
-
Kumar, S., Shivani, P., Sharma, P. P. & Kumar, R. Assessing agricultural practices and plant protection methods in Rupnagar district, Punjab, India. Asian J. Agri Horti Res. 10 (4), 580–592 (2023).
-
Reddy, L. P. V. et al. Survey on the pesticide usage pattern in paddy crop grown in southern agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh. Int. J. Chem. Eng. Syst 8, 48–65 (2023).
-
Ali, I., Rahman, S. Z., Ayesha, Q. & Khan, S. M. Survey-based study on farmers’ knowledge and pattern of using insecticide on different crops in Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Int. J. Hum. Health Sci. 6 (2), 193–199 (2022).
-
Kaleka, A. S., Bali, G. P. K. & Kaur, K. Pesticide usage pattern in agricultural areas of district Patiala in Punjab, India. J. Environ. Bio-Sci 35(2), 139–144 (2021).
-
Anand Kumar, A. D. V. S. L. P., Rama Rao, C. V., Rao, M. N., Raju, S. K. & Nafeez Umar, S. K. Insecticide usage pattern on rice crop in Godavari delta of Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Agric. J. 67(3), 170–176 (2020).
-
Basanth, Y. S., Sannaveerappanavar, V. T. & Sidde Gowda, D. K. Susceptibility of different populations of Nilaparvata lugens from major rice growing areas of Karnataka, India to different groups of insecticides. Rice Sci. 20(5), 371–378 (2013).
-
Malathi, V. M. et al. Gut bacterial diversity of insecticide-susceptible and resistant nymphs of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and elucidation of their putative functional roles. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28 (6), 976–986 (2018).
-
Deosi, K. K. & Suri, K. S. Status of insecticide resistance in rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in Punjab. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 92(2), 203–7 (2022).
-
Priyadharshini, E., Muthukrishnan, N., Vinothkumar, B., Sathiah, N. & Prabakar, K. Toxicity of imidacloprid 17.8% SL and triflumezopyrim 10% SC to rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Indian J. Entomol 1–3, (2022).
-
Mrazek, J., Stosova, L., Fliegerova, K., Kott, T. & Kopecny, J. Diversity of insect intestinal microflora. Folia Microbiol. 53, 229–233 (2008).
-
Akami, M. et al. Gut bacteria of the cowpea beetle mediate its resistance to dichlorvos and susceptibility to Lippia adoensis essential oil. Sci. Rep. 9, 6435 (2019).
-
Fan, H. W., Lu, J. B., Ye, Y. X., Yu, X. P. & Zhang, C. X. Characteristics of the draft genome of “Candidatus Arsenophonus nilaparvatae”, a facultative endosymbiont of Nilaparvata lugens. Insect Sci 23, 478–486 (2016).
-
Kikuchi, Y. et al. Symbiont-mediated insecticide resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 109, 8618–8622 (2016). (2012).
-
Werren, J. H. Symbionts provide pesticide detoxification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109(22), 8364–8365 (2012).
-
Xia, X. et al. DNA sequencing reveals the midgut microbiota of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) and a possible relationship with insecticide resistance. PLoS One 8, e68852 (2013).
-
Ramya, S. L., Venkatesan, T., Murthy, K. S., Jalali, S. K. & Verghese, A. Detection of carboxylesterase and esterase activity in culturable gut bacterial flora isolated from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), from India and its possible role in indoxacarb degradation. Braz. J. Microbiol. 47, 327–336 (2016).
-
Malathi, V. M. et al. Associated bacterial diversity of insecticide-susceptible and-resistant brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) analyzed by culture-dependent and-independent methods. Phytoparasitica 45, 683–693 (2017).
-
Wang, W. X., Zhu, T. H., Feng, X. L. & Qiang, F. Diversity and infection frequency of symbiotic bacteria in different populations of the rice brown planthopper in China. J. Entomol. Sci. 50(1), 47–66 (2015).
-
Hamada, A. et al. Differential metabolism of imidacloprid and dinotefuran by Bemisia tabaci CYP6CM1 variants. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 159, 27–33 (2019).
-
Madhusudan, S., Jalali, S. K. & Sibi, G. Molecular identification of insecticide degradation by gut bacteria isolated from Helicoverpa armigera of cotton plants. J. App. Nat. Sci. 13(2), 641–653 (2021).
-
Anhalt, J. C., Moorman, T. B. & Koskinen, W. C. Biodegradation of imidacloprid by an isolated soil microorganism. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 42(5), 509–514 (2007).
-
Serbus, L. R., Casper-Lindley, C., Landmann, F. & Sullivan, W. The genetics and cell biology of Wolbachia-host interactions. Annu. Rev. Genet. 42, 683–707 (2008).
-
Engel, P. & Moran, N. A. The gut microbiota of insects diversity in structure and function. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 37, 699–735 (2013).
-
Douglas, A. E. Multiorganismal insects: Diversity and function of resident microorganisms. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 60, 17–34 (2015).
-
Tang, M., Lv, L., Jing, S. L., Zhu, L. L. & He, G. C. Bacterial symbionts of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 1740–1745 (2010).
-
Xu, H. X. et al. Bacterial community in different populations of rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Rice Sci. 21, 59–64 (2014).
-
Zhang, J. H., Yu, N., Xu, X. X. & Liu, Z. W. Community structure, dispersal ability and functional profiling of microbiome existing in fat body and ovary of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Insect Sci. 26 (4), 683–694 (2018a).
-
Zhang, Y. et al. Functional profiling of the gut microbiomes in two different populations of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. J. Asia Pac. Entomol. 21, 1309–1314 (2018b).
-
Zeng, B. et al. Symbiotic bacteria confer insecticide resistance by metabolizing buprofezin in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). PLoS Path. 19(12), e1011828 (2023).
-
Zhao, J., Guan, G., Li, D., Yu, X. & Shentu, X. Study on the gut symbiotic microbiota in long- and short-winged brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Sci. Rep. 14, 11306 (2024).
-
Chang, L. S. et al. Study on the composition of culturable gut bacteria in the larvae of Yunnan population of Tuta absoluta and the degradation for macromolecular compounds. J. Environ. Entomol. 44 (5), 1240–1251 (2022).
-
Uzmi, S. et al. Identification of microbial community colonizing the gut of Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). J. Microbiol. Biotech. Food Sci. 9 (3), 1338–5178 (2019).
-
Li, J. et al. The cultivable gut bacteria Enterococcus mundtii promotes early-instar larval growth of Conogethes punctiferalis via enhancing digestive enzyme activity. Pest Manag. Sci. 80(12), 6179–6188 (2024).
-
Yoon, J. H., Kim, I. G., Kang, K. H., Oh, T. K. & Park, Y. H. Bacillus marisflavi sp. nov. and Bacillus aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from sea water of a tidal flat of the yellow Sea in Korea. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53(5), 1297–1303 (2003).
-
Navarro-Torre, S., Carro, L., Igual, J. M. & Montero-Calasanz, M. D. C. Rossellomorea arthrocnemi sp. nov., a novel plant growth-promoting bacterium used in heavy metal polluted soils as a phytoremediation tool. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 71(10), p.005015. (2021).
-
Hong, S. W. et al. Bacillus oryzaecorticis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from rice husks. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64, 2786–2791 (2014).
-
Gracy, R. G., Malathi, V. M., Jalali, S. K., Jose, V. L. & Thulasi, A. Variation in larval gut bacteria between insecticide-resistant and -susceptible populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytoparasitica 44(4), 477–490 (2016).
-
Indiragandhi, P. et al. Cultivable bacteria associated with larval gut of prothiofos-resistant, prothiofos-susceptible and field-caught populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and their potential for antagonism towards entomopathogenic fungi and host insect nutrition. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103, 2664–2675 (2007).
-
Almeida, L. G., Moraes, L. A. B., Trigo, J. R., Omoto, C. & Consoli, F. L. The gut microbiota of insecticide-resistant insects houses insecticide degrading bacteria: A potential source for biotechnological exploitation. PLoS ONE 12(3), e0174754 (2017).
-
Xia, X. J., Wu, W. & Chen, J. P. The gut bacterium Serratia marcescens mediates detoxification of organophosphate pesticide in Riptortus pedestris by microbial degradation. J. Appl. Entomol. 147(6), 406–415 (2023).
-
Belal, B. E., Moustafa, E. S., Shoukry, M. E. & Waseem, A. G. Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides by Paenibacillus sp. Strain. Environ. Engi. Sci. 35(11), 1194–1205 (2018).
-
Gao, W., Li, D. & You, H. Functional characterization and genomic analysis of the chlorantraniliprole-degrading strain Pseudomonas sp. GW13. Bioengineering 6, 106 (2019).
-
Sun, G. et al. Isolation and characterization of the pymetrozine-degrading strain Pseudomonas sp. BYT 1. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67, 4170–4176 (2019).
-
Phugare, S. S., Kalyani, D. C., Gaikwad, Y. B. & Jadhav, J. P. Microbial degradation of imidacloprid and toxicological analysis of its biodegradation metabolites in silkworm (Bombyx mori). Chem. Eng. J. 230, 27–35 (2013).
-
Madhuban, G., Debashis, D. & Das, S. K. Biodegradation of imidacloprid and metribuzin by Burkholderia cepacia strain CH9. Pestic. Res. J. 23(1), 36–40 (2011).
-
Pandey, G., Dorrian, S. J., Russell, R. J. & Oakeshott, J. G. Biotransformation of the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiamethoxam by Pseudomonas sp. 1G. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 380(3), 710–714 (2009).
-
Guo, L. et al. Oligotrophic bacterium Hymenobacter latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 degrades the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in surface water. AMB Express 10, 7 (2020).
-
Bhandari, G. et al. System biology analysis of endosulfan biodegradation in bacteria and its effect in other living systems: Modelling and simulation studies. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 8, 1–13 (2021).
-
Xia, X. et al. Gut microbiota mediate insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Front. Microbiol. 9, 25 (2018).
-
Rumbos, C. I., Dutton, A. C. & Athanassiou, C. G. Insecticidal effect of spinetoram and thiamethoxam applied alone or in combination for the control of major stored-product beetle species. J. Stored Prod. Res. 75, 56–63 (2018).
-
Kamalakkannan, V., Salim, A. A. & Capon, R. J. Microbiome mediated biotransformation of cane toad bufagenins. J. Nat. Prod. 80, 2012–2017 (2017).
-
Puri, S., Singh, S. & Sohal, S. K. Oviposition behaviour and biochemical response of an insect pest, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to plant phenolic compound phloroglucinol. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 255, e109291 (2022).
-
Siddiqui, J. A. et al. Role of insect gut microbiota in pesticide degradation: A review. Front. Microbiol. 13, e870462 (2022).
-
Chen, H. et al. An exploration on the toxicity mechanisms of phytotoxins and their potential utilities. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 52, 395–435 (2022).
-
Shao, Y., Erika, A. C., Guo, H., Bartram, S. & Boland, W. In vivo pyro-SIP assessing active gut microbiota of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. PLoS ONE 9(1), e85948 (2014).
-
Engel, P., Martinson, V. G. & Moran, N. A. Functional diversity within the simple gut microbiota of the honey bee. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 109(27), 11002-7 (2012).
-
Koch, H. & Hempel, P. S. Socially transmitted gut microbiota protects bumble bees against an intestinal parasite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108, 19288–19292 (2011).
-
Cheng, X. et al. Nitroreduction of imidacloprid by the actinomycete Gordonia alkanivorans and the stability and acute toxicity of the nitroso metabolite. Chemosphere 291, 132885 (2022).
-
Pang, R. et al. A distinct strain of Arsenophonus symbiont decreases insecticide resistance in its insect host. PLoS Genet. 14 (10), e1007725. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal (2018).
-
Zhang, Y. et al. Decline in symbiont-dependent host detoxification metabolism contributes to increased insecticide susceptibility of insects under high temperature. ISME J. 15(12), 3693–703 (2021).
-
IRAC. (2012). http://www.irac-online.org/content/uploads/Method_005_v4.1.pdf
-
Rahman, S. M., Reddy, C. N., Sridhar, Y., Sheshu Madhav, M. & Suresh, J. Baseline susceptibility of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) populations to mesoionic insecticide triflumezopyrim in Southern India. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 44, 1965–1970 (2024).
-
Dhyan, D. C. et al. Fitness cost and molecular basis of imidacloprid resistance in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) in India. Ecotoxicol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-025-02894-9 (2025).
-
Finney, D. J. Probit analysis Vol. 333 (Cambridge University Press, 1971).
-
LeOra software POLO Plus. Probit and Logit Analysis (LeOra Software, 2002).
-
Food and Agricultural Organization. Recommended method for detection and measurement of agricultural pests to pesticides. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 127, 2–5 (1979).
-
Kim, Y. J., Lee, Y. J., Kim, G. H., Lee, S. W. & Ahn, Y. J. Toxicity of tebufenpyrad to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Amblyseius womersleyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory and field conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 92, 187–192 (1999).
-
Feng, W., Wang, X. Q., Zhou, W., Liu, G. Y. & Wan, Y. J. Isolation and characterization of lipase-producing bacteria in the intestine of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, reared on different forage. J. Insect Sci. 11, 135 (2011).
-
Klindworth, A. et al. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 411. (2013).
