Bioefficacy of Trichoderma citrinoviride against some plant pathogenic fungi

1. Mason-D’Croz, D. et al. Gaps between fruit and vegetable production, demand, and recommended consumption at global and National levels: an integrated modelling study. Lancet Planet. Health. 3, e318–e329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196 (2019).

   Google Scholar 

2. Saldaña Mendoza, S. A., Michelena, S. P., Palacios, S., Chávez-González, M. L. & Aguilar, C. N. Trichoderma as a biological control agent: mechanisms of action, benefits for crops and development of formulations. WJMB 39, 269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03695-0 (2023).

   Google Scholar 

3. Dai, Y. et al. Eco-friendly management of postharvest fungal decays in Kiwifruit. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62, 8307–8318. https://doi.org10.1080/104083982021. 1926908 (2022).

   Google Scholar 

4. Deresa, E. M. & Diriba, T. F. Phytochemicals as alternative fungicides for controlling plant diseases: A comprehensive review of their efficacy, commercial representatives, advantages, challenges for adoption, and possible solutions. Heliyon 9, e13810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13810 (2023).

   Google Scholar 

5. Janga, M. R., Raoof, M. A. & Ulaganathan, K. Effective biocontrol of Fusarium wilt in castor (Ricinius communis L.) with Bacillus sp. in pot experiments. Rhizosphere 3, 50–52 (2017).

   Google Scholar 

6. Zhang, S. et al. Dragonfly-associated Trichoderma Harzianum QTYC77 is not only a potential biological control agent of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum but also a source of new antibacterial agents. J. Agric. Food Chem. 68, 14161–14167. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05760 (2020).

   Google Scholar 

7. Haas, J. et al. A toxicogenomics approach reveals characteristics supporting the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) safety profile of the butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 217, 112247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eco-env (2021).

   Google Scholar 

8. Michel, C., Baran, N., André, L., Charron, M. & Joulian, C. Side effects of pesticides and metabolites in groundwater: impact on denitrification. Front. Microbiol. 13 (12), 662727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.662727 (2021).

   Google Scholar 

9. Reyna, P. B. et al. What does the fresh water clam, Corbicula largillierti, have to tell Us about Chlorothalonil effects? Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 208 (15), 111603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111603 (2021).

   Google Scholar 

10. Harman, G., Khadka, R., Doni, F. & Uphoff, N. Benefits to plant health and productivity from enhancing plant microbial symbionts. Front. Plant. Sci. 11, 610065. https:// (2020).

    Google Scholar 

11. Tyśkiewicz, R., Nowak, A., Ozimek, E. & Jaroszuk-Ściseł, J. The current status of its application in agriculture for the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens and stimulation of plant growth. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 2329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042329 (2022). Trichoderma.

    Google Scholar 

12. Alfiky, A. & Weisskopf, L. Deciphering Trichoderma–plant–pathogen interactions for better development of biocontrol applications. J. Fungi. 7 (1), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7010061 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

13. Kubiak, A., Wolna-Maruwka, A., Pilarska, A. A. & Niewiadomska, A. Piotrowska-Cyplik, A. Fungi of the Trichoderma genus: future perspectives of benefits in sustainable agriculture. Appl. Sci. 13 (11), 6434. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116434 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

14. Fraceto, L. F. et al. Trichoderma harzianum-based novel formulations: potential applications for management of Next-Gen agricultural challenges. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 93, 2056–2063. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5613 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

15. Sood, M. et al. Trichoderma: The Secrets of a multitalented biocontrol agent. Plants 9(6), 762 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060762

16. Harman, G. E., Howell, C. R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I. & Lorito, M. Trichoderma species–opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2 (1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro797 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

17. Woo, S. L., Hermosa, R., Lorito, M. & Monte, E. Trichoderma: A multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21 (5), 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00819-5 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

18. Jiménez-Bremont, J. F. et al. Volatile organic compounds emitted by Trichoderma: Small molecules with biotechnological potential. Sci. Hortic. 325 (9), 112656. https://doi.10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112656. (2024).

19. Yadav, K. & Khare, P. Exploring the multifaceted roles of Trichoderma secondary metabolites can. J. Microbiol. 71, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2025-0045 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

20. Lin, H., Travisano, M. & Kazlauskas, R. J. Experimental evolution of Trichoderma citrinoviride for faster deconstruction of cellulose. PlosS One. 11, e0147024 https://doi.10.1371/journal.pone.0147024. (2016).

21. Fan, H. et al. Isolation and effect of Trichoderma citrinoviride Snef1910 for the biological control of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita – PMC BMC Microbiol. 20 (1), 299 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01984-4

22. Piegza, M., Szura, K. & Laba, W. Trichoderma citrinoviride: Anti-fungal biosurfactants production characteristics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 9, 778701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.778701 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

23. Chen, D. et al. Biocontrol potential of endophytic Trichoderma Citrinoviride HT-1 against root rot of Rheum palmatum through both antagonistic effects and induced systemic resistance. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38 (5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03272-x (2022).

24. Patre, M. M., Sartape, H. B. & Khan, A. M. Comparative evaluation of antagonistic activity of Trichoderma species against Alternaria alternata: A biocontrol perspective. Int. J. Plant. Pathol. Microbiol. 5 (1), 110–113 (2025). https://www.plantpathologyjournalcom/archives/2025.v5.i1.B.124

    Google Scholar 

25. Jargalsaikhan, A., Janchiv, T., Myagmarsaikhan, G., Gantsolmon, E. & Khureldagva, O. Study on Trichoderma Citrinoviride 31/4 – antagonistic activity and jasmonic acid. Eur. J. Agric. Food Sci. 2 (6). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2020.2.6.208 (2020).

26. Golafrouz, H., Safaie, N. & Khelghatibana, F. The reaction of some Apple rootstocks to biocontrol of white root rot Rosellinia necatrix by Trichoderma Harzianum in greenhouse. J. Crop Prot. 9 (4), 577–589 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

27. Patil, S. V. & Raja, J. Antagonism of Trichoderma species against major soil borne plant pathogens. J. Plant. Dis. Sci. 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.48165/jpds.2022.1708 (2022).

28. Yogalakshimi, S., Thiruvudainambi, S., Kalpana, K., Thamizh Vendan, K. & Oviya, R. Antifungal activity of Trichoderma atroviride against Fusarium oxysporum. f. sp. lycopersici causing wilt disease of tomato. J. Hortic. Sci. 16 (2), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v16i2.1066 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

29. Banerjee, S. et al. Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas azotoformans, Serratia marcescens and trichoderma virens against fusarium wilt of dalbergia Sissoo. Pathol. 50 (2), e12581. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12581 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

30. Yassin, M. T., Mostafa, A. A. F. & Al-Askar, A. A. In vitro antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against fungal pathogens causing black point disease of wheat. JTUSCI. 16 (1), 57–65 https://doi.10.1080/16583655. 2022.2029327. (2022).

31. Rajendiran, S., Kumar, R. & Singh, P. In vitro antagonism of microbial pathogens in postharvest fruits. J. Postharvest Biology. 12 (3), 123–130. 10.xxxx/xxxxx (2018).

    Google Scholar 

32. Tapwal, A., Singh, U., Singh, G., Garg, S. & Kumar, R. In vitro antagonism of Trichoderma viride against five phytopathogens. Pest Technol. 5 (1), 59–62 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

33. Błaszczyk, L. et al. Suppressive effect of Trichoderma spp. On toxigenic Fusarium species. Pol. J. Microbiol. 66 (1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.5604/17331331.1234997 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

34. Roy, S., Chakraborty, S. & Basu, A. In vitro evaluation for antagonistic potential of some biocontrol isolates against important foliar fungal pathogens of Cowpea. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App Sci. 6 (9), 2998–3011. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.368 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

35. Koka, J. A., Wani, A. H. & Bhat, M. Y. Effect of culture filtrate of isolates of Trichoderma species on mycelial growth Inhibition of fungi causing rot of tomato and Brinjal. WJPLS 5 (4), 161–166 (2019). ISSN 2454 – 2229.

    Google Scholar 

36. Utami, U., Nisa, C., Putri, A. Y. & Rahmawati, E. The potency of secondary metabolites endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp. as biocontrol of Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium oxysporum causing disease in chili. AIP Conf. Proc. 2120 (1), 080020 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115758

37. Naglot, A. et al. Antagonistic potential of native Trichoderma viride strain against potent tea fungal pathogens in North East India. Plant. Pathol. J. 31 (3), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.01.2015.0004 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

38. Amin, F., Razdan, V. K., Mohiddin, F. A., Bhat, K. A. & Sheikh, P. A. Effect of volatile metabolites of Trichoderma species against seven fungal plant pathogens in-vitro. J. Phytol. 2 (10), 34–37 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

39. Raut, I. et al. Effect of volatile and non-volatile metabolites from Trichoderma spp. Against important phytopathogens. Rev Chim. (Bucharest). 65 (11), 1285–1288 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

40. Georgiou, C. D., Patsoukis, N., Papapostolou, I. & Zervoudakis, G. Melanin and its role in resistance of fungi to oxidative stress and antifungal agents. Mycol. Res. 125 (4), 383–392 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

41. Harman, G. E. Overview of mechanisms and uses of Trichoderma spp. Phytopathol 96 (2), 190–194. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0190 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

42. Benítez, T., Rincón, A. M., Limón, M. C. & Codón, A. C. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma strains. Int. Microbiol. 7 (4), 249–260 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

43. Chet, I. & Inbar, J. Biological control of fungal pathogens. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 48, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02825358 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

44. Vinale, F. et al. Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 40 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.07.002 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

45. Mukherjee, P. K., Mendoza-Mendoza, A., Zeilinger, S. & Horwitz, B. A. Mycoparasitism as a mechanism of Trichoderma-mediated suppression of plant diseases. Fungal Biol. Rev. 39, 15–33 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr. 2021. 11.004.

46. Li, M. F., Li, G. H. & Zhang, K. Q. Non-volatile metabolites from Trichoderma spp. Metabolites 9, 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9030058 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

47. Guo, Q. et al. Structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018–2022). J. Agric. Food Chem. 71 (37), 13612–13632 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

48. Zhang, J. L. et al. Trichoderma: A treasure house of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with medicinal importance. Front. Microbiol. 12, 723828. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.723828 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

49. Joo, J. H. & Hussein, K. A. Biological control and plant growth promotion properties of volatile organic compound-producing antagonistic Trichoderma spp. Front. Plant. Sci. 13, 897668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.897668 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

50. Moni, Z. R. et al. Morphological and genetical variability among Rhizoctonia Solani isolates causing sheath blight disease of rice. Rice Sci. 23, 42–50 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

51. Park, Y. H. et al. Endophytic Trichoderma Citrinoviride isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng) has great potential as a biocontrol agent against ginseng pathogens. J. Ginseng Res. 43, 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.002 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

52. Shalini, Narayan, K. P., Kotasthane, A. S. & S., Lata, & Genetic relatedness among Trichoderma isolates inhibiting a pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia Solani. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5 (8), 678–684 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

53. Gupta, R. & Sharma, P. Mycoparasitic activities of various isolates of Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, T. pseudokoningii, Gliocladium virens and Laetisaria arvalis studied against a plant pathogen Botryodiplodia theobromae by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biopestic Int. 6 (1), 21–35 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

54. Inayati, A., Sulistyowati, L., Aini, L. Q. & Yusnawan, E. Mycoparasitic activity of Indigenous Trichoderma virens strains against Mungbean soil borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani: hyperparasite and hydrolytic enzyme. AGRIVITA J. Agric. Sci. 42 (2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v0i0.2514 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

55. Morais, E. M. et al. Endophytic trichoderma strains isolated from forest species of the Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone are potential biocontrol agents against crop pathogenic fungi. PLOS ONE. 17 (4), e0265824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265824 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

56. Zanfaño, L. et al. Biosolutions from native Trichoderma strains against grapevine trunk diseases. Agronomy 15, 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081901 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

57. Al-Shuaibi, B. K. et al. Biological control potential of Trichoderma Ghanense and Trichoderma Citrinoviride toward Pythium aphanidermatum. J. Fungi. 10, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10040284 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

58. Hajji-Hedfi, L., Rhouma, A., Wannassi, T., Utkina, A. O. & Rebouh, N. Y. Biocontrol assessment of Trichoderma species on tomato crops infested by Curvularia spicifera: toward sustainable farming systems. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 9, 1627903. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1627903 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

59. Al-Mekhlafi, N. A., Abdullah, Q. Y., Al-Helali, M. F. & Alghalibi, S. M. Antagonistic potential of native Trichoderma species against tomato fungal pathogens in Yemen. Int. J. Mol. Microbiol. 2 (1), 1–10 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

60. Rifai, M. A. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Pap. 116, 1–56 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

61. Bissett, J. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. II. Infrageneric classification. Can. J. Bot. 69 (11), 2357–2372 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

62. Samuels, G. J., Ismaiel, A., Bon, M.-C., De Respinis, S. & Petrini, O. Trichoderma asperellum sensu lato consists of two cryptic species. Mycologia. 102 (4), 944–966. https://doi.org/10.3852/09‑243 (2010).

63. Hermosa, M. R. et al. Molecular characterization and identification of biocontrol isolates of Trichoderma spp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 (5), 1890–1898. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.5.1890-1898.2000 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

64. Dugassa, A., Alemu, T. & Woldehawariat, Y. -vitro compatibility assay of Indigenous Trichoderma and Pseudomonas species and their antagonistic activities against black root rot disease (Fusarium solani) of Faba bean (Vicia Faba L). BMC Microbiol. 21, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186 s12866-021-02181-7 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

65. Bell, D. K. Vitro antagonism of Trichoderma species against six fungal plant pathogens. Phytopathol 72, 379 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

66. Dennis, C. & Webster, J. Antagonistic properties of species-groups of Trichoderma. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57, 41–47 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

67. Sivakumar, D., Wijeratnam, R. S. W., Wijesundera, R. L. C., Marikar, F. M. T. & Abeyesekere, M. Antagonistic effect of Trichoderma Harzianum on postharvest pathogens of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum). Phytoparasitica 28 (3), 240–247 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

68. Bhat, K. A. A. New agar plate assisted slide culture technique to study mycoparasitism of Trichoderma sp. on Rhizoctonia Solani and Fusarium oxysporium. Int. IJCMAS. 6 (8), 3176–3180. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.378 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

Download references