Chemical profiling and enhanced antifungal activity of the origanum hybrid (Origanum majorana × O. syriacum var. bevanii) essential oil against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

chemical-profiling-and-enhanced-antifungal-activity-of-the-origanum-hybrid-(origanum-majorana ×-o-syriacum-var.-bevanii)-essential-oil-against-sclerotinia-sclerotiorum
Chemical profiling and enhanced antifungal activity of the origanum hybrid (Origanum majorana × O. syriacum var. bevanii) essential oil against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

References

  1. Hickey, M. & King, C. Common families of flowering plants 119–127 (Cambridge University Press, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ramos Da Silva, L. R. et al. Lamiaceae essential oils, phytochemical profile, antioxidant, and biological activities. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6748052 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chrysargyris, A. It runs in the family: The importance of the Lamiaceae family species. Agronomy 14(6), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061274 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Başer, K. H. C. Essential Oils of Labiatea from Turkey Recent Results. Lamiales Newsletter (Royal Botanical Gardens Kew) 6–11 (1993).

  5. Kocabaş, Y. Z. & Karaman, S. Essential oils of Lamiaceae family from South East Mediterranean Region (Turkey). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 4, 1221–1223 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Davis, P. H. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands Vol. 7, 297–322 (Edinburgh University Pres., 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Başer, K. H. C., Özek, T., Tümen, G. & Sezik, E. Ticari önemi olan Türk Origanum türlerinin uçucu yağları. TAB Bülteni 10, 28–32 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Öztürk, M., Altay, V., & Keskin, M. Folkloric knowledge of endemic plants: Their traditional uses as spices, food and herbal teas by the local communities in Turkiye. In Ethnic Knowledge and Perspectives of Medicinal Plants: Volume 2: Nutritional and Dietary Benefits 137–152 (Apple Academic Press, 2023).

  9. Avcı, A. & Bayram, E. Geliştirilmiş İzmir kekiği (Origanum onites L.) klonlarının farklı ekolojik koşullarda bazı agronomik ve teknolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 50, 13–20 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cinbilgel, I. & Kurt, Y. Oregano and/or marjoram: Traditional oil production and ethnomedical utilization of Origanum species in southern Turkey. J. Herb. Med. 16, 100257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100257 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ietswaart, J. H. The taxonomic revision of the genus Origanum, (Labiatae) 14-115 (Leiden University Press, Leiden Botanical Series, London, 1980).

  12. Ben Miri, Y. Essential oils: Chemical composition and diverse biological activities: A comprehensive review. Nat. Prod. Commun. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X241311790 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Spréa, R. M. et al. Chemical and bioactive evaluation of essential oils from edible and aromatic Mediterranean Lamiaceae plants. Molecules 29(12), 2827. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2912827 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R. & Walasek-Janusz, M. Chemical composition, biological activity, and potential uses of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and oregano essential oil. Pharmaceuticals 18(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020267 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Yang, L. et al. In vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of carvacrol against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Prot. Sci. 60(2), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.17221/121/2023-PPS (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Taibi, M. et al. Evaluation of the interaction between carvacrol and thymol, major compounds of Ptychotis verticillata essential oil: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities against breast cancer lines. Life 14(8), 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14081037 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Soltani, S., Shakeri, A., Iranshahi, M. & Boozari, M. A. Review of the phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties of Origanum vulgare L. and subspecies. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 20(2), 268–285. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2020.113874.14539 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Al-Mijalli, S. H. et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties of Origanum compactum Benth essential oils from two regions: In vitro and in vivo evidence and in silico molecular investigations. Molecules 27(21), 7329. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217329 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lombrea, A. et al. A recent insight regarding the phytochemistry and bioactivity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(24), 9653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249653 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mendoza-Buenrostro, E. et al. Effective use of microbial and plant-based alternatives in tomato pathogen control: A comprehensive review. Plant Pathol. 74(5), 1171–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.14085 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gupta, I. et al. Plant essential oils as biopesticides: Applications, mechanisms, innovations, and constraints. Plants 12(16), 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162916 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Zhu, Y. Y. et al. Recent advances in virulence of a broad host range plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: A mini-review. Front. Microbiol. 15, 1424130. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1424130 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Saharan, G. S. & Mehta, N. Sclerotinia diseases of crop plants: Biology, ecology and disease management (Springer, 2008).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hossain, M. M., Sultana, F., Li, W. Q., Tran, L. S. P. & Mostofa, M. G. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary: Insights into the pathogenomic features of a global pathogen. Cells 12, 1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12071063 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Reich, J. & Chatterton, S. Predicting field diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: A review. Plant Pathol. 72, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13643 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ons, L., Bylemans, D., Thevissen, K. & Cammue, B. Combining biocontrol agents with chemical fungicides for integrated plant fungal disease control. Microorganisms 8(12), 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8121930 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Derbyshire, M. C., Newman, T. E., Khentry, Y. & Taiwo, A. O. The evolutionary and molecular features of the broad-host-range plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mol. Plant Pathol. 23, 1075–1090. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.13221 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Isman, M. B. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot. 19, 603–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-2194(00)00079-X (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Caglar, O., Calmasur, O., Aslan, I. & Kaya, O. Insecticidal effect of essential oil Origanum acutidens against several stored product pests. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 16, 1395–1400 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Raveau, R., Fontaine, J. & Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui, A. Essential oils as potential alternative biocontrol products against plant pathogens and weeds: A review. Foods 9(3), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030365 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bayar, Y., Akşit, Z., Şimşek, S. & Kandemir, A. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Origanum acutidens essential oil against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Black Sea J. Agric. 6(5), 439–443. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1308366 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Aremu, A. O. et al. Plants as an alternative to the use of chemicals for crop protection against biotic threats: Trends and future perspectives. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 170, 711–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-024-02924-y (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Yang, L. et al. In vitro antifungal activity and mechanism of action of carvacrol against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Plant Prot. Sci. 60(2), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.17221/121/2023-PPS (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Maral, H., Oğuz, M., Türkmen, M. & Soylu, S. Chemical profile and bioactivity of essential oils from five Turkish thyme species against white mold fungal disease agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci. Rep. 15, 35699. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-19622-2 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Taraj, K. et al. Water distillation extraction of essential oil from Sideritis raeseri Herb. Environ. Process. 6, 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-019-00392-9 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  36. European Pharmacopoeia 3rd Edition, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 1385 (1997).

  37. Kara, M., Türkmen, M. & Soylu, S. Determination of chemical composition and antifungal activities of fennel and laurel essential oil mixtures against Pestalotiopsis funerea. KSU J. Agric. Nat. 25(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.904966 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kara, M. Determination of chemical compositions of rosemary and sweet marjoram essential oils and their blends and their antifungal potential against potato rubbery rot disease agent Geotrichum candidum. J. Plant Pathol. 106, 1173–1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-024-01640-0 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Boland, G. J. & Hall, R. Index of plant hosts of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 16(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060669409500766 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  40. White, T. J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: PCR Protocols, a Guide to Methods and Applications 315–322 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1 (1990).

  41. Boratyn, G. M. et al. BLAST: A more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, W29–W33. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt282 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Soylu, E. M., Kurt, S. & Soylu, S. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato grey mould disease agent Botrytis cinerea. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 143(3), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.08.015 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. & Idaomar, M. Biological effects of essential oils – A review. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46(2), 446–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Alves, M. F. et al. Inheritance study of yield components and essential oil constituents in linool type basil. Biosci. J. 34, 296–301. https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v34n2a2018-38777 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Kirk, H. et al. Comparing metabolomes: The chemical consequences of hybridization in plants. New Phytol. 167(2), 613–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01448.x (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cheng, D., Vrieling, K. & Klinkhamer, P. G. L. The effect of hybridization on secondary metabolites and herbivore resistance: Implications for the evolution of chemical diversity in plants. Phytochem. Rev. 10(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-010-9194-9 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sharifi-Rad, M. et al. Salvia spp. plants-from farm to food applications and phytopharmacotherapy. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 80, 242–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.008 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gershenzon, J. & Dudareva, N. The function of terpene natural products in the natural world. Nat. Chem. Biol. 3(7), 408–414. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2007.5 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tepe, B. et al. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and various extracts of Thymus eigii M. Zohary et P.H. Davis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52(5), 1132–1137. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf035094l (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Tisserand, R. & Young, R. Essential oil safety: A guide for health care professionals 2nd edn. (Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier Ltd., 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T. & Meyer, R. L. Essential oils in food preservation: Mode of action, synergies, and interactions with food matrix components. Front. Microbiol. 3, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Marchese, A. et al. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 43(6), 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2017.1295225 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gupta, I. et al. Plant essential oils as biopesticides: Applications, mechanisms, innovations, and constraints. Plants (Basel) 12(16), 2916. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162916 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pinto, E., Vale-Silva, L., Cavaleiro, C. & Salgueiro, L. Antifungal activity of the clove essential oil from Syzygium aromaticum on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte species. J. Med. Microbiol. 58(11), 1454–1462. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.010538-0 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Goni, P. et al. Antimicrobial activity in the vapour phase of a combination of cinnamon and clove essential oils. Food Chem. 116, 982–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.058 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Tian, J. et al. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oil from Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 145(2–3), 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.023 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Nostro, A. & Papalia, T. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol: Current progress and future prospectives. Recent Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov. 7(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.2174/157489112799829684 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Nazzaro, F. et al. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 6(12), 1451–1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hossain, F. et al. Evidence for synergistic activity of plant-derived essential oils against fungal pathogens of food. Food Microbiol. 53, 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2015.08.006 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Isman, M. B. Bridging the gap: Moving botanical insecticides from the laboratory to the farm. Ind. Crops Prod. 110, 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.012 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Soylu, S., Yigitbas, H., Soylu, E. M. & Kurt, Ş. Antifungal effects of essential oils from oregano and fennel on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J. Appl. Microbiol. 103(4), 1021–1030. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03310.x (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gonçalves, S. D., Paiva-Cardoso, Md. N. & Caramelo, A. Green preservation strategies: The role of essential oils in sustainable food preservatives. Sustainability 17(16), 7326. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167326 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Badmus, S. O., Amusa, H. K., Oyehan, T. A. & Saleh, T. A. Environmental risks and toxicity of surfactants: Overview of analysis, assessment, and remediation techniques. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 28(44), 62085–62104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16483-w (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Heng, J. et al. Evaluating essential oils as biocidal anti-drift adjuvants for safe and sustainable agricultural spray enhancement. J. Aerosol Sci. 181, 106421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2024.106421 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Silva, MdaGC., Medeiros, A. O., Converti, A., Almeida, F. C. G. & Sarubbo, L. A. Biosurfactants: Promising biomolecules for agricultural applications. Sustainability 16(1), 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010449 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  66. de Medeiros, A. O., da Silva, Md. G. C., Converti, A., de Almeida, F. C. G. & Sarubbo, L. A. Development of natural fungicidal agricultural defensives using microbial glycolipid and vegetable oil blends. Surfaces 7(4), 879–897. https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces7040058 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kumar, A. & Mehta, S. K. Advancements in essential oil-based emulsions: Eco-friendly alternatives to conventional agrochemicals. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 80, 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2025.101964 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ghasemi, S. et al. Application of alginate polymer films and coatings incorporated with essential oils in foods: A review of recent literature with emphasis on nanotechnology. Int. J. Food Eng. 19(3–4), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2022-0284 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Pitterou, I. et al. Development of alginate hydrogels incorporating essential oils loaded in chitosan nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Molecules 29(22), 5318. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225318 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Alfawaz, M. et al. Carvacrol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a multifunctional nanotherapeutic strategy targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and genotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Antioxidants 14(12), 1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121432 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Mostaghimi, M., Majdinasab, M. & Hosseini, S. M. H. Characterization of alginate hydrogel beads loaded with thyme and clove essential oils nanoemulsions. J. Polym. Environ. 30, 1647–1661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02298-w (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Romero-Montero, A. et al. Essential-oils-loaded biopolymeric nanoparticles as strategies for microbial and biofilm control: A current status. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010082 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Castillo, D. F., Sánchez-Andica, R. A., Enriquez, B. F., Restrepo, J. & Páez-Melo, M. I. Encapsulation of Ruta essential oil in chitosan and alginate matrices as an ecological alternative for the control of nematodes. J. Microencapsul. 40(4), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652048.2023.2188939 (2023).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fernandes, M. P., Matamá, T., Ribeiro, A. & Cavaco-Paulo, A. Novel keratin-based particles encapsulating essential oils: A step towards developing sustainable biopesticides. Ind. Crops Prod. 222, 119995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119995 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

Download references