7. References
-
Miller, B. A. & Lu, C. D. Current status of global dairy goat production: An overview. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 32, 1219–1232. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0253 (2019).
-
Shi, Y. et al. The protective effect of mulberry leaf flavonoids on high-carbohydrate-induced liver oxidative Stress, inflammatory response and intestinal microbiota disturbance in monopterus albus. Antioxid. (Basel) 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050976 (2022).
-
Piao, M., Tu, Y., Zhang, N., Diao, Q. & Bi, Y. Advances in the application of phytogenic extracts as antioxidants and their potential mechanisms in ruminants. Antioxid. (Basel). 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12040879 (2023).
-
Gessner, D. K., Ringseis, R. & Eder, K. Potential of plant polyphenols to combat oxidative stress and inflammatory processes in farm animals. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.) 101, 605–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12579 (2017).
-
Zhang, L. et al. Astragalus membranaceus (Huang Qi) as adjunctive therapy for diabetic kidney disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 239, 111921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.111921 (2019).
-
Kwon, H. J., Hwang, J., Lee, S. K. & Park, Y. D. Astragaloside content in the periderm, cortex, and xylem of Astragalus membranaceus root. J. Nat. Med. 67, 850–855. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-013-0741-8 (2013).
-
Du, Y., Wan, H., Huang, P., Yang, J. & He, Y. A critical review of astragalus polysaccharides: From therapeutic mechanisms to pharmaceutics. Biomed. Pharmacother 147, 112654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112654 (2022).
-
Zhao, L. et al. Astragalus polysaccharides exerts anti-infective activity by inducing human Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in respiratory epithelial cells. Phytother Res. 32, 1521–1529. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6080 (2018).
-
Yang, B. et al. Astragalus polysaccharides alleviate type 1 diabetes via modulating gut microbiota in mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 234, 123767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123767 (2023).
-
Zhang, X. et al. Effect of astragalus polysaccharides on the cryopreservation of goat semen. Theriogenology 193, 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.007 (2022).
-
Luo, Y. et al. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus supplementation on oxidative stability of cashmere goat. Food Sci. Nutr. 8, 5550–5556. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1786 (2020).
-
Ghasemian-Yadegari, J., Hamedeyazdan, S., Nazemiyeh, H. & Fathiazad, F. Evaluation of Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activity on Astragalus chrysostachys Boiss. Roots. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 18, 1902–1911. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100855 (2019).
-
Cui, L., Ma, Z., Wang, D. & Niu, Y. Ultrasound-assisted extraction, optimization, isolation, and antioxidant activity analysis of flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus stems and leaves. Ultrason. Sonochem 90, 106190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106190 (2022).
-
Kaltenegger, A., Humer, E., Stauder, A. & Zebeli, Q. Feeding of bakery by-products in the replacement of grains enhanced milk performance, modulated blood metabolic profile, and Lowered the risk of rumen acidosis in dairy cows. J. Dairy. Sci. 103, 10122–10135. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18425 (2020).
-
Zhao, Y. et al. Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the positive leverage of citrus flavonoids on hindgut microbiota and host homeostasis by modulating sphingolipid metabolism in mid-lactation dairy cows consuming a high-starch diet. Microbiome 11, 236. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-023-01661-4 (2023).
-
Feng, S., Luan, D., Ning, K., Shao, P. & Sun, P. Ultrafiltration isolation, hypoglycemic activity analysis and structural characterization of polysaccharides from brasenia schreberi. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 135, 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.129 (2019).
-
Bradford, M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1976.9999 (1976).
-
Liu, N., Wang, Y., An, X. & Qi, J. Study on the enhancement of antioxidant properties of rice Bran using mixed-bacteria solid-State fermentation. Fermentation 8, 212 (2022).
-
Liu, N. et al. The effects of solid-state fermentation on the content, composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of flavonoids from dandelion. PLoS One 15, e0239076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239076 (2020).
-
Chen, X., Chen, G., Wang, Z. & Kan, J. A comparison of a polysaccharide extracted from ginger (Zingiber officinale) stems and leaves using different methods: Preparation, structure characteristics, and biological activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 151, 635–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.222 (2020).
-
Kanehisa, M., Furumichi, M., Sato, Y., Matsuura, Y. & Ishiguro-Watanabe, M. KEGG: Biological systems database as a model of the real world. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, D672–d677. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae909 (2025).
-
Kanehisa, M. & Goto, S. KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 27–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.1.27 (2000).
-
Cao, F., Guo, C. & Guo, J. Deciphering CSU pathogenesis: Network toxicologyand molecular dynamics of DOTP exposure. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 291, 117864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.117864 (2025).
-
Li, N. R. et al. Aspartame increases the risk of liver cancer through CASP1 protein: A comprehensive network analysis insights. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 294, 118089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118089 (2025).
-
Seeliger, D. & de Groot, B. L. Ligand docking and binding site analysis with PyMOL and Autodock/Vina. J. Comput. Aided Mol. Des. 24, 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10822-010-9352-6 (2010).
-
Jiao, Y., Wen, J. & Yu, X. Influence of flavonoid of Astragalus membranaceus’s stem and leaves on the function of cell mediated immunity in mice. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 19, 356–358 (1999).
-
Lekmine, S. et al. A comparative study on chemical profile and biological activities of aerial parts (stems, flowers, leaves, pods and seeds) of Astragalus gombiformis. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 27, 101668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101668 (2020).
-
Shang, H. et al. Extraction condition optimization and effects of drying methods on physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Astragalus cicer. Sci. Rep. 8, 3359. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21295-z (2018).
-
Ponmurugan, K. et al. Ultrasound assisted pectic polysaccharide extraction and its characterization from waste heads of Helianthus annus. Carbohydr. Polym. 173, 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.018 (2017).
-
Hu, H. et al. Optimization extraction, characterization and anticancer activities of polysaccharides from Mango pomace. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 117, 1314–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.225 (2018).
-
Zghaibi, N., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A. & Harun, R. Kinetics study of microwave-assisted brine extraction of lipid from the microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. Molecules 25 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040784 (2020).
-
Sajid, M., Mehmood, S., Niu, C., Yuan, Y. & Yue, T. Effective adsorption of patulin from apple juice by using non-cytotoxic heat-inactivated cells and spores of Alicyclobacillus strains. Toxins (Basel) 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10090344 (2018).
-
Di Domenico, M. et al. Antioxidant effect of beer polyphenols and their bioavailability in dental-derived stem cells (D-dSCs) and human intestinal epithelial lines (Caco-2) cells. Stem Cells Int. 2020, 8835813. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8835813 (2020).
-
Li, S., Qi, Y., Ren, D., Qu, D. & Sun, Y. The structure features and improving effects of polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus on antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Antibiot. (Basel) 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010008 (2019).
-
Wang, B. et al. Structural elucidation, modification, and structure–activity relationship of polysaccharides in Chinese herbs: A review: A review. Front. Nutr. 9, 908175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.908175 (2022).
-
Chen, G. et al. Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharides from Astragalus membranaceus. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 241, 124386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124386 (2023).
-
Liao, J. et al. Structure characterization of Honey-Processed astragalus polysaccharides and its anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Molecules 23 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010168 (2018).
-
Zhang, C. H. et al. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical applications of Radix astragali. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 27, 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-019-3032-8 (2021). Ethnopharmacology.
-
Yu, W. et al. Effects of dietary astragalus polysaccharides on growth, health and resistance to vibrio harveyi of lates calcarifer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 207, 850–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.176 (2022). https://doi.org:.
-
Zhang, J. & Feng, Q. Pharmacological effects and molecular protective mechanisms of Astragalus polysaccharides on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 854674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.854674 (2022).
-
Periasamy, S., Hsu, D. Z., Fu, Y. H. & Liu, M. Y. Sleep deprivation-induced multi-organ injury: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Excli j. 14, 672–683. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2015-245 (2015).
-
Senthilkumar, R., Chandran, R. & Parimelazhagan, T. Hepatoprotective effect of Rhodiola imbricata rhizome against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 21, 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.04.001 (2014).
-
Li, C. X., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y. Z., Li, J. C. & Lai, J. Astragalus polysaccharide: A review of its Immunomodulatory effect. Arch. Pharm. Res. 45, 367–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-022-01393-3 (2022).
-
Kong, F., Chen, T., Li, X. & Jia, Y. The current application and future prospects of astragalus polysaccharide combined with cancer immunotherapy: A review. Front. Pharmacol. 12, 737674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.737674 (2021).
-
Wei, X. et al. Astragalus polysaccharide ameliorated complex factor-induced chronic fatigue syndrome by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites in mice. Biomed. Pharmacother 163, 114862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114862 (2023).
-
Lian, H. Y., Lin, K. W., Yang, C. & Cai, P. Generation and propagation of yeast prion [URE3] are elevated under electromagnetic field. Cell. Stress Chaperones 23, 581–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-017-0867-9 (2018).
-
Luo, Q. et al. Improvement of colonic immune function with soy isoflavones in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Molecules 24 https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061139 (2019).
-
Jia, Q., Yang, R., Liu, X. F., Ma, S. F. & Wang, L. Genistein attenuates renal fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Mol. Med. Rep. 19, 423–431. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9635 (2019).
-
Tajima, K. et al. Diet-dependent shifts in the bacterial population of the rumen revealed with real-time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 2766–2774. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.6.2766-2774.2001 (2001).
-
Abdul Rahman, N. et al. A phylogenomic analysis of the bacterial phylum fibrobacteres. Front. Microbiol. 6, 1469. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01469 (2015).
-
Yoshimoto, S. et al. Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome. Nature 499, 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12347 (2013).
-
Dai, H. et al. Mulberry leaf polysaccharides ameliorate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders via the gut microbiota-bile acids metabolic pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 282, 136876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136876 (2024).
-
Tang, C. et al. Natural polysaccharides protect against diet-induced obesity by improving lipid metabolism and regulating the immune system. Food Res. Int. 172, 113192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113192 (2023).
-
Peng, F. et al. Non-starch polysaccharides from castanea mollissima Bl. ameliorate metabolic syndrome by remodeling barrier function, microbial community, and metabolites in high-fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Res. Int. 202, 115638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115638 (2025).
-
Jiang, X. et al. Rumen-Protected methionine supplementation in the diet improved the production performance of dairy goats by optimizing the amino acid profile and lipid metabolism and modulating the colonic Microbiome. Anim. (Basel) 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233386 (2025).
-
Huo, Q. et al. Dietary supplementation of lysophospholipids affects feed digestion in lambs. Anim. (Basel) 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100805 (2019).
-
Lee, C., Morris, D. L., Copelin, J. E., Hettick, J. M. & Kwon, I. H. Effects of lysophospholipids on short-term production, nitrogen utilization, and rumen fermentation and bacterial population in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy. Sci. 102, 3110–3120. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-15777 (2019).
-
Zaccherini, G. et al. Assessing the role of amino acids in systemic inflammation and organ failure in patients with ACLF. J. Hepatol. 74, 1117–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.035 (2021).
-
Hazekawa, M., Ono, K., Nishinakagawa, T., Kawakubo-Yasukochi, T. & Nakashima, M. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the phenylbutyric acid metabolite phenylacetyl glutamine. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 41, 961–966. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b17-00799 (2018).
-
Ma, L. et al. Phenylacetyl glutamine: A novel biomarker for stroke recurrence warning. BMC Neurol. 23, 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-023-03118-5 (2023).
-
Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Johnson, G. A., Satterfield, M. C. & Washburn, S. E. Metabolism and nutrition of L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in ruminants. Anim. (Basel) 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121788 (2024).
-
Caroprese, M., Albenzio, M., Marino, R., Santillo, A. & Sevi, A. Immune response and milk production of dairy cows fed graded levels of rumen-protected glutamine. Res. Vet. Sci. 93, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.07.015 (2012).
