Data availability
The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD057965. Source data is available for Figs. 1b–d, g, 2a, b, e–h, 3b, c, e–g, i–l, 4a, c–f, h–s and 5a–o, and Supplementary Figs. S1c, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S11, S12, S13, S14, S15, S16, S17, S18, S20 and S21 in the associated source data file. Source data are provided with this paper.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities 3225002202A1 (E.Y.), Major Project of Jiangsu Health Vocational College JKA202202 (S.W.) & JKD202405 (S.W.), Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province KYCX24_0489 (H. Liu), Medical Foundation of Southeast University 4060692202/021 (E.Y.), Zhishan Young Scholar Award at the Southeast University 2242023R40031 (E.Y.), Shandong Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Project 202525021171 (W.Y.). Postdoctoral Fellowship Projects from Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University (97391 to H.Z. and 97157 to H.H.) are acknowledged. The authors also acknowledge Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Biopharmaceutical Public Service Platform Co., Ltd. for mass spectrometry analysis. This work was also partially funded by an ITF TCFS grant GHP/074/20SZ (J.X.) and internal grants from CUHK (a CRIMS grant, a Faculty Impact Case Fund, a direct grant, and an SIEF Fund to J.X.).
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Competing interests
This research has been filed for a patent under application number CN116769718A with W.Y. and H.Z. named as inventors. J.X. and H.Z. co-founded EVLiXiR Biotech Inc., where H.Z. serves as CEO and J.X. as chief scientist. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Yan, W., Wang, S., Hao, H. et al. Extracellular vesicle engineering using a small scaffold protein. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70451-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70451-x
