References
-
Li, Y. et al. Medicinal potential of Broussonetia papyrifera: Chemical composition and biological activity analysis. Plants (Basel). 14(4), 523 (2025).
-
Zhao, M. et al. Hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera fermented feed can play a role through flavonoid extracts to increase milk production and milk fatty acid synthesis in dairy goats. Front. Vet. Sci. 9, 794443 (2022).
-
Wang, G. W., Huang, B. K. & Qin, L. P. The genus Broussonetia: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytother. Res. 26(1), 1–10 (2012).
-
Chao-yan, Q. & Dai-lian, N. Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Broussonetia Papyrifera. World Latest Med. Inf. 19(96), 66–67 (2019).
-
Liga, S., Paul, C. & Péter, F. Flavonoids overview of biosynthesis, biological activity, and current extraction techniques. Plants (Basel) 12(14), 2732 (2023).
-
Serafini, M., Peluso, I. & Raguzzini, A. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 69(3), 273–288 (2010).
-
Wang, J. et al. Extraction and purification of total flavonoids from Zanthoxylum planispinum Var. Dintanensis leaves and effect of altitude on total flavonoids content. Sci Rep. 15(1), 7080 (2025).
-
Adhikary, K. et al. Phytonutrients and their neuroprotective role in brain disorders. Front. Mol. Biosci. 12, 1607330 (2025).
-
Saleh, S. Y., Younis, N. A., Sherif, A. H. & Gaber, H. G. The role of Moringa oleifera in enhancing fish performance and health: a comprehensive review of sustainable aquaculture applications. Vet. Res. Commun. 49(6), 308 (2025).
-
Lu, Q. et al. Effects of a commercial buckwheat rhizome flavonoid extract on milk production, plasma pro-oxidant and antioxidant, and the ruminal metagenome and metabolites in lactating dairy goats. J. Dairy Sci. 108, 12241–12256 (2025).
-
Tang, Z., Wang, Y., Huang, G. & Huang, H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction, analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L.. Ultrason Sonochem. 97, 106474 (2023).
-
Cheng, J. et al. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Zanthoxylum bungeanum residue and their allelopathic mechanism on Microcystis aeruginosa. Sci Rep. 14(1), 13192 (2024).
-
Yusoff, I. M., Mat Taher, Z., Rahmat, Z. & Chua, L. S. A review of ultrasound-assisted extraction for plant bioactive compounds: Phenolics, flavonoids, thymols, saponins and proteins. Food Res Int. 157, 111268 (2022).
-
Wang D, Lv J, Fu Y, Shang Y, Liu J, Lyu Y, Wei M, Yu X. Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction Process of Total Flavonoids from Salicornia bigelovii Torr. and Its Hepatoprotective Effect on Alcoholic Liver Injury Mice. Foods. 13(5), 647, (2024).
-
Li, J., Li, B., Shi, X., Yang, Y. & Song, Z. Extraction methods and sedative-hypnotic effects of total flavonoids from Ziziphus jujuba Mesocarp. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 18(9), 1272 (2025).
-
Molina, G. A., González-Fuentes, F., Loske, A. M., Fernández, F. & Estevez, M. Shock wave-assisted extraction of phenolic acids and flavonoids from Eysenhardtia polystachya heartwood: A novel method and its comparison with conventional methodologies. Ultrason Sonochem. 61, 104809 (2019).
-
Shangguan, Y. et al. Response surface methodology-optimized extraction of flavonoids from pomelo peels and isolation of naringin with antioxidant activities by Sephadex LH20 gel chromatography. Curr. Res. Food Sci. 7, 100610 (2023).
-
Park, N., Cho, S. D., Chang, M. S. & Kim, G. H. Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of Ruby S apple peel using the response surface method. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 31(13), 1667–1678 (2022).
-
Wang, Y. et al. Ultrasound-assisted optimization extraction and biological activities analysis of flavonoids from Sanghuangporus sanghuang. Ultrason Sonochem. 117, 107326 (2025).
-
Yang, S., Li, X. & Zhang, H. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Tenebrio molitor. Sci. Rep. 14(1), 28526 (2024).
-
Mao, B., Lu, W. & Huang, G. Ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction, process optimization, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from sugarcane peel. Sci. Rep. 15(1), 5009 (2025).
-
Lingzhi, H. E. et al. Optimization of ultrasonic extraction process and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of total flavonoids from Plolygala fallax Hems. Anim. Husb. Vet. Med. 55(03), 55–61 (2023).
-
Qisheng, W. et al. T studies on the extraction process, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Gelidium amansii ethanol extract. J. Chin. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. 23(01), 171–183 (2023).
-
Yali, S. et al. Study on the extraction methods of Tartary buck wheat flavononoids and their content determination. Chin. Condim. 44(3), 141–145 (2019).
-
Wu, Y. C. et al. Natural deep eutectic solvents as new green solvents to extract anthraquinones from Rheum palmatum L. RSC Adv. 8(27), 15069–15077 (2018).
-
Yue, G. A. O. et al. Optimization of extraction process of polyphenols from Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaf by response surface methodology and its antioxidant activities. Food Res. Dev. 43(6), 68–74 (2022).
-
Han, X., Qiao, Z. & Baoqin, W. Response surface optimization of ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction of total flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Spec. Wild Econ. Anim. Plant Res. 45(1), 50–57 (2023).
-
Wang, Y. et al. Citrus flavonoids and their antioxidant evaluation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62(14), 3833–3854 (2022).
-
Manna, T. et al. Flavonoids interfere with biofilm formation by targeting diguanylate cyclases in multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae. Sci. Rep 15(1), 39312 (2025).
-
Kurhaluk, N., Buyun, L., Kołodziejska, R., Kamiński, P. & Tkaczenko, H. Effect of phenolic compounds and terpenes on the flavour and functionality of plant-based foods. Nutrients 17(21), 3319 (2025).
-
Ma, Y., Wang, L., Lu, A. & Xue, W. Synthesis and biological activity of novel oxazinyl flavonoids as antiviral and anti-phytopathogenic fungus agents. Molecules 27(20), 6875 (2022).
-
Fengyu, W. A. N., Yubo, H. A. N., Lifei, W. U. & Xin, W. A. N. G. The biological activity of flavonoids and their application progress in animal production. China Feed. 17, 7–13 (2025).
-
Huang, X. et al. Broussonetia papyrifera ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. PLoS ONE 20(5), e0322710 (2025).
-
Jomova, K. et al. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol. 97(10), 2499–2574 (2023).
-
Li, J. et al. Comparative study on the effects of algal oil DHA calcium salt and DHA on lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in high-fat diet-induced mice. Food Funct. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5fo02090e (2025).
-
Xu, T. et al. Oxidative stress in cell death and cardiovascular diseases. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2019, 9030563 (2019).
-
Dong, N., Lu, X. & Qin, D. Hypoglycemic effect of enzymatically extracted Cichorium pumilum Jacq polysaccharide (CGP) on T2DM mice via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 329(Pt 1), 147711 (2025).
-
Moghadam Aghajari, H. & Asle-Rousta, M. Eucalyptol alleviates lead-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and enhancing the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04831-7 (2025).
-
Fuchs-Tarlovsky, V. Role of antioxidants in cancer therapy. Nutrition 29(1), 15–21 (2013).
-
Anqi, X., Wanyu, L., Mengfan, W. & Bin, L. Optimization of extraction process of total flavonoids from Cedar Pine pollen and its antioxidant activity evaluation. Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med. 47(08), 2530–2534 (2025).
-
Mathisen, E., Diallo, D., Andersen, Ø. M. & Malterud, K. E. Antioxidants from the bark of Burkea africana, an African medicinal plant. Phytother Res. 16(2), 148–153 (2002).
-
Hui-ting, Z., Rui, C., Wen-ya, C., Ning, Z. & Li-ni, H. Optimization of extraction process of total flavonoids from Murraya Tetramera Huang by response surface methodology and study on its antioxidant activity. Chem. Eng. 39(05), 85–90 (2025).
-
Heng, Y. A. O., Yu-dong, D. A. N. G., Shi-bo, W. U., Meng-meng, W. A. N. G. & Bao-lan, L. I. U. Study on the optimization of extraction process and antioxidant activityof total flavonoids from moxa floss. Chem. Eng. 38(10), 95–99 (2024).
-
Lingzhi, W., Ping, C., Zhenhua, G. & Honglei, Z. Study on response surface optimization of ultrasonic-assistedextraction of total flavonoids from Epimedium and its antioxidant activity. Feed Res. 48(04), 92–97 (2025).
-
Qin-yu, S., Zhi-yuan, D. & Yu-zhong, L. Study on optimization of extraction processand antioxidant activity of total flavonoids from dandelion. Feed Res. 47(19), 91–95 (2024).
-
Wen, K. et al. Recent research on flavonoids and their biomedical applications. Curr. Med. Chem. 28(5), 1042–1066 (2021).
-
Selvakumar, P. et al. Flavonoids and other polyphenols act as epigenetic modifiers in breast cancer. Nutrients 12(3), 761 (2020).
-
Dias, M. C., Pinto, D. C. G. A. & Silva, A. M. S. Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules 26(17), 5377 (2021).
-
Badshah, S. L. et al. Antiviral activities of flavonoids. Biomed. Pharmacother. 140, 111596 (2021).
-
Tan, Z., Deng, J., Ye, Q. & Zhang, Z. The antibacterial activity of natural-derived flavonoids. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 22(12), 1009–1019 (2022).
-
Song, M. et al. Plant natural flavonoids against multidrug resistant pathogens. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 8(15), e2100749 (2021).
-
Debalke, D., Birhan, M., Kinubeh, A. & Yayeh, M. Assessments of antibacterial effects of aqueous-ethanolic extracts of Sida rhombifolia’s aerial part. Sci. World J. 2018, 8429809 (2018).
-
Musial, C., Kuban-Jankowska, A. & Gorska-Ponikowska, M. Beneficial properties of green tea catechins. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(5), 1744 (2020).
-
Liang, J., Huang, X. & Ma, G. Antimicrobial activities and mechanisms of extract and components of herbs in East Asia. RSC Adv. 12(45), 29197–29213 (2022).
-
Bryan, J., Redden, P. & Traba, C. The mechanism of action of Russian propolis ethanol extracts against two antibiotic-resistant biofilm-forming bacteria. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 62(2), 192–198 (2016).
-
Bouchelaghem, S. et al. Evaluation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Hungarian propolis ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 27(2), 574 (2022).
-
Yewen, Z., Qingmin, Z., Deqi, J., Min, W. & Guifen, L. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology and antibacterialactivity of total flavonoids from Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. China Feed 3, 29–33 (2022).
-
Mingchen, C., Mengxiang, & Xin, H. The antibacterial activity of total Flavonoids in Bidensbipinnata. . Tianjin U. Tradit. Chin. Med. 37(03), 239–241 (2018).
-
Li Qinmei, X. et al. In vitro bacteriostatic effect of Broussonetiapapyrifera L. (Paper mulberry) waterextract combined with antibiotics on multi-drug resistant bacteria. China Feed. 9, 126–131 (2020).
-
Hua, K. W., Wan-Qing, K., Zheng, C., Shi-Bing, Q. & Ye-Ping, C. Study on extraction and antibacterial activity of total flavonoids from Broussonetia Papyrifera Bark. J. Anhui Univ. Chin. Med. 34(03), 93–96 (2015).
-
Gutiérrez-Venegas, G., Gómez-Mora, J. A., Meraz-Rodríguez, M. A., Flores-Sánchez, M. A. & Ortiz-Miranda, L. F. Effect of flavonoids on antimicrobial activity of microorganisms present in dental plaque. Heliyon. 5(12), e03013 (2019).
-
Ren, X., Zou, L. & Holmgren, A. Targeting bacterial antioxidant systems for antibiotics development. Curr. Med. Chem. 27(12), 1922–1939 (2020).
-
Ungureanu, D. et al. Novel 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-thiazole-coumarin hybrid compounds: synthesis, in silico and in vitro evaluation of their antioxidant activity. Antioxidants (Basel). 14(6), 636 (2025).
-
Callistus, I. I. et al. Mechanistic insight and in-vitro validation of ampicillin/scoparone-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles as antioxidant, and antimicrobial therapeutics against antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli. Bioorg Chem. 163, 108764 (2025).
