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Authors and Affiliations

1. Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Sciences, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan

   Huei-Ting Tsai, Tsu-Hsuan Weng, Chun-Teng Tsai & Wu-Chien Chien

2. Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608, Taiwan

   Yao-Ching Huang

3. Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan

   Yao-Ching Huang, Tsu-Hsuan Weng, Chun-Teng Tsai, Chi-Hsiang Chung & Wu-Chien Chien

4. Graduate Institute of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan

   Yao-Ching Huang, Chi-Hsiang Chung & Wu-Chien Chien

5. Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association (TIPSPA), Taipei, 11490, Taiwan

   Chi-Hsiang Chung & Wu-Chien Chien

6. Institute of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, 114201, Taiwan

   Li-Yun Fann

7. Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Tzu Chi University, Hualien City, 970374, Taiwan

   Li-Yun Fann

8. Department of Nurse-Midwifery and Women Health, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, 112303, Taiwan

   Li-Yun Fann

9. Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231016, Taiwan

   Li-Yun Fann

10. Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Defense Medical University, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan

    Wu-Chien Chien

Contributions

H.-T.T., T.-H.W., L.-Y. F., Y.-C.H., C.-T.T., C.-H.C., and W.-C.C.: conception and design, analysis and interpretation of the data, critical review, and approval of the final version submitted for publication. H.-T.T., T.-H.W., L.-Y. F., Y.-C.H., and W.-C.C.: statistical analysis, critical review, and approval of the final version submitted for publication. L.-Y. F., T.-H.W., Y.-C.H., C.-T.T., C.-H.C., and W.-C.C.: drafting of the paper, critical review, and approval of the final version submitted for publication. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Li-Yun Fann or Wu-Chien Chien.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was conducted according to the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The Institutional Review Board of the Tri-Service General Hospital approved this study (TSGHIRB: E202516039) and waived the need for individual consent since all the identification data were encrypted in the NHIRD.

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