Heat-induced structural changes in poly(γ-glutamic acid) and the effects of alkaline conditions on its thermal stability and morphology in aqueous solution

Posted on
heat-induced-structural-changes-in-poly(γ-glutamic-acid)-and-the-effects-of-alkaline-conditions-on-its-thermal-stability-and-morphology-in-aqueous-solution
Heat-induced structural changes in poly(γ-glutamic acid) and the effects of alkaline conditions on its thermal stability and morphology in aqueous solution

References

  1. Sung MH, Park C, Kim CJ, Poo H, Soda K, Ashiuchi M. Natural and edible biopolymer poly-γ-glutamic acid: synthesis, production, and applications. Chem Rec. 2005;5:352–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ashiuchi M, Misono H. Biochemistry and molecular genetics of poly-γ-glutamate synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002;59:9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nagai T, Koguchi K, Itoh Y. Chemical analysis of poly-γ-glutamic acid produced by plasmid-free Bacillus subtilis (natto): evidence that plasmids are not involved in poly-γ-glutamic acid production. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 1997;43:139–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yamasaki D, Minouchi Y, Ashiuchi M. Extremolyte-like applicability of an archaeal exopolymer, poly-gamma-L-glutamate. Environ Technol. 2010;31:1129–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Wang LL, Chen JT, Wang LF, Wu S, Zhang GZ, Yu HQ, et al. Conformations and molecular interactions of poly-γ-glutamic acid as a soluble microbial product in aqueous solutions. Sci Rep. 2017;7:12787.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Verma M, Devi PB, Singh SP, Reddy GB, Kavitake D, Shetty PH. Microbial poly-glutamic acid: Production, biosynthesis, properties, and their applications in food, environment, and biomedicals. Fermentation. 2025;11:208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Poo H, Park C, Kwak MS, Choi DY, Hong SP, Lee IH, et al. New biological functions and applications of high-molecular-mass poly-γ-glutamic acid. Chem Biodivers. 2010;7:1555–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cowman MK, Li M, Balazs EA. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy of hyaluronan: extended and intramolecularly interacting chains. Biophys J. 1998;75:2030–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Svetličić V, Žutić V, Pletikapić G, Radić TM. Marine polysaccharide networks and diatoms at the nanometric scale. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14:20064–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Iijima M, Shinozaki M, Hatakeyama T, Takahashi M, Hatakeyama H. AFM studies on gelation mechanism of xanthan gum hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym. 2007;68:701–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Graham S, Marina PF, Blencowe A. Thermoresponsive polysaccharides and their thermoreversible physical hydrogel networks. Carbohydr Polym. 2019;207:143–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ashiuchi M. Occurrence and biosynthetic mechanism of poly-gamma-glutamic acid. In: Hamano Y, editor. Amino-acid homopolymers occurring in nature. Microbiol Monographs, Vol. 15 Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. 77–93.

  13. Ashiuchi M, Shimanouchi K, Horiuchi T, Kamei T, Misono H. Genetically engineered poly-gamma-glutamate producer from Bacillus subtilis ISW1214. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70:1794–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sawada K, Araki H, Takimura Y, Masuda K, Kageyama Y, Ozaki K, et al. Poly-l-gamma-glutamic acid production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis without pgsA gene. AMB Expr. 2018;8:110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kubota H, Matsunobu T, Uotani K, Takebe H, Satoh A, Tanaka T, et al. Production of poly(γ-glutamic acid) by Bacillus subtilis F-2-01. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1993;57:1212–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fujita KI, Tomiyama T, Inoi T, Nishiyama T, Sato E, Horibe H, et al. Effect of pgsE expression on the molecular weight of poly(γ-glutamic acid) in fermentative production. Polym J. 2021;53:409–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Parati M, Clarke L, Anderson P, Hill R, Khalil I, Tchuenbou-Magaia F, et al. Microbial poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) as an effective tooth enamel protectant. Polymers. 2022;14:2937.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Mastella P, Luin S. Microfluidic assembly of poly(glutamic acid) nanogels through SPAAC click chemistry. Pharmaceutics. 2025;17:1150.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Lu PJ, Fu WE, Huang SC, Lin CY, Ho ML, Chen YP, et al. Methodology for sample preparation and size measurement of commercial ZnO nanoparticles. J Food Drug Anal. 2018;26:628–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kaszuba M, Corbett J, Watson FM, Jones A. High-concentration zeta potential measurements using light-scattering techniques. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2010;368:4439–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Lee HG, Cowman MK. An agarose gel electrophoretic method for analysis of hyaluronan molecular weight distribution. Anal Biochem. 1994;219:278–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bhilocha S, Amin R, Pandya M, Yuan H, Tank M, LoBello J, et al. Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis methods for molecular mass analysis of 5–500 kDa hyaluronan. Anal Biochem. 2011;417:41–49.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu S, Huang S, Li L. Thermoreversible gelation and viscoelasticity of κ-carrageenan hydrogels. J Rheol. 2016;60:203–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ekerdt BL, Fuentes CM, Lei Y, Adil MM, Ramasubramanian A, Segalman RA, et al. Thermoreversible hyaluronic acid-PNIPAAm hydrogel systems for 3D stem cell culture. Adv Healthc Mater. 2018;7:e1800225.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Rinaudo M. Advances in characterization of polysaccharides in aqueous solution and gel state. In: Dumitriu S, editor. Polysaccharides: Structural diversity and functional versatility. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2005. 237–52.

  26. Israelachvili JN. Intermolecular and surface forces, 3rd ed. London, UK: Acad. Press; 2011.

  27. Lim WK, Rösgen J, Englander SW. Urea, but not guanidinium, destabilizes proteins by forming hydrogen bonds to the peptide group. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:2595–600.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Hua L, Zhou R, Thirumalai D, Berne BJ. Urea denaturation by stronger dispersion interactions with proteins than water implies a 2-stage unfolding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:16928–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Otzen DE. Protein unfolding in detergents: effect of micelle structure, ionic strength, pH, and temperature. Biophys J. 2002;83:2219–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Rath A, Glibowicka M, Nadeau VG, Chen G, Deber CM. Detergent binding explains anomalous SDS-PAGE migration of membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106:1760–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Yim SD, Kim SJ, Baik JH, Nam IS, Mok YS, Lee JH, et al. Decomposition of urea into NH3 for the SCR process. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2004;43:4856–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen JP, Isa K. Thermal decomposition of urea and urea derivatives by simultaneous TG/(DTA)/MS. J Mass Spectrom Soc Jpn. 1998;46:299–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Furuhata T, Seki N, Arai M. Decomposition behavior of urea in high temperature atmosphere. Trans JSME B. 2011;77:1858–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Polino D, Parrinello M. Kinetics of aqueous media reactions via ab initio enhanced molecular dynamics: the case of urea decomposition. J Phys Chem B. 2019;123:6851–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Gratzfeld D, Heitkämper J, Debailleul J, Olzmann M. On the influence of water on urea condensation reactions: a theoretical study. Z Phys Chem. 2020;234:1311–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim E, Ramos Figueroa AL, Schrock M, Zhang E, Newcomb CJ, Bao Z, et al. A guide for nanomechanical characterization of soft matter via AFM: from mode selection to data reporting. Star Protoc. 2025;6:103809.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Nagao E, Dvorak JA. Phase imaging by atomic force microscopy: analysis of living homoiothermic vertebrate cells. Biophys J. 1999;76:3289–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Zeigler DR, Prágai Z, Rodriguez S, Chevreux B, Muffler A, Albert T, et al. The origins of 168, W23, and other Bacillus subtilis legacy strains. J Bacteriol. 2008;190:6983–95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references