Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this article and its supplementary information files.
References
-
Kortepeter, M. G. et al. Marburg virus disease: a summary for clinicians. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 99, 233–242 (2020).
-
Kuhn, J. H. et al. New filovirus disease classification and nomenclature. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17 (5), 261–263 (2019).
-
Shifflett, K. & Marzi, A. Marburg virus pathogenesis: differences and similarities in humans and animal models. Virol. J. 16 (1), 165 (2019).
-
World Health Organization. Marburg virus disease. (2025).
-
Pervin, T. & Oany, A. R. Vaccinomics approach for designing potential epitope-based peptide vaccine targeting L-protein of Marburg virus. Silico Pharmacol. 9 (1), 21 (2021).
-
Islam, M. R., Akash, S., Rahman, M. M. & Sharma, R. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, transmission, genomic structure, treatment and future perspectives of the novel Marburg virus outbreak. Int. J. Surg. 109, 36–38 (2023).
-
Stille, W. & Böhle, E. Clinical course and prognosis of Marburg virus (green-monkey) disease. In Marburg Virus Disease 10–18Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, (1971).
-
Abdelrahman, A. H. et al. Exploration of African natural products as VP35 inhibitors to combat Marburg virus infection: molecular docking, molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical computations. PLoS One 20(10), e0334160 (2025).
-
Hasnain, A. et al. AI-driven in Silico discovery and design of antiviral candidates targeting Marburg virus nucleoprotein. Lett. Drug Des. Discov 22(3), 100030 (2025).
-
Jia, Y. et al. Sweet syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review of patient-report studies. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 19, 2217076 (2023).
-
Xu, K. et al. Clinical features, diagnosis, and management of COVID-19 vaccine-associated Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 19, 2220630 (2023).
-
Kim, H. M. et al. Crystal structure of the TLR4–MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran. Cell 130, 906–917 (2007).
-
Kim, J., Yang, Y. L., Jang, S. H. & Jang, Y. S. Human β-defensin 2 regulates innate antiviral immunity and potentiates antigen-specific immunity. Virol. J. 15 (1), 1–12 (2018).
-
Salomon-Ferrer, R. et al. Routine microsecond molecular dynamics simulations with AMBER on gpus: explicit solvent particle mesh Ewald. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 9 (9), 3878–3888 (2013).
-
Bhardwaj, V. K. & Purohit, R. Targeting the protein–protein interface pocket of the aurora-A–TPX2 complex: rational drug design and validation. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39 (11), 3882–3891 (2021).
-
Roe, D. R. & Cheatham, T. E. PTRAJ and CPPTRAJ: software for processing and analyzing molecular dynamics trajectories. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 9 (7), 3084–3095 (2013).
-
Wang, W. et al. Emerging strategies for monkeypox: antigen and antibody applications in diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments. Mil Med. Res. 12, 69 (2025).
-
Zhang, H. Q. et al. An analysis of reported cases of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) after COVID-19 vaccination. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 19, 2263229 (2023).
-
Khan, A. et al. Immunogenomics-guided design of Immunomodulatory multi-epitope subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Comput. Biol. Med. 133, 104420 (2021).
-
Liu, B. et al. Developing a new sepsis screening tool based on lymphocyte count, international normalized ratio and procalcitonin (LIP score). Sci. Rep. 12, 20002 (2022).
-
Gasteiger, E. et al. Humana Press,. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. In The Proteomics Protocols Handbook 571–607 (2005).
-
Kawai, T. & Akira, S. Pathogen recognition with Toll-like receptors. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17 (4), 338–344 (2005).
-
Kawai, T. & Akira, S. Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat. Immunol. 7 (2), 131–137 (2006).
-
Pasare, C. & Medzhitov, R. Toll-like receptors: linking innate and adaptive immunity. Mech. Lymphocyte Activ Immune Regul. X, 11–18 (2005).
-
Grote, A. et al. JCat: a tool for adapting codon usage to expression hosts. Nucleic Acids Res. 33, W526–W531 (2005).
-
Kang, S. M. & Compans, R. W. Host responses from innate to adaptive immunity after vaccination. Mol. Cells. 27 (1), 5–14 (2009).
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by College of Medicine, Shandong Xiehe University.
Funding
This study was funded by College of Medicine, Shandong Xiehe University, (SDXHQD2025083).
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, S., Shah, A., Khan, S. et al. Immunoinformatics-guided design of a universal chimeric multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Marburg virus disease and Ravn virus co-infection. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37178-7
-
Received:
-
Accepted:
-
Published:
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-37178-7
