Influence of synthetic derivatives of cytokinin and auxin on yield and quality of rainy season guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta

influence-of-synthetic-derivatives-of-cytokinin-and-auxin-on-yield-and-quality-of-rainy-season-guava-(psidium-guajava-l)-cv.-shweta
Influence of synthetic derivatives of cytokinin and auxin on yield and quality of rainy season guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta

Scientific Reports , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

Abstract

Improving the yield and quality characteristics of guava is the major concern for guava growers during rainy seasons. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of synthetic derivatives of cytokinin (CPPU) and auxin (NAA) for enhancing yield and quality of guava. The experiment consists of ten treatments viz.; CPPU 5 ppm, CPPU 10 ppm, CPPU 15 ppm, NAA 20 ppm, NAA 30 ppm, NAA 40 ppm, CPPU 5 ppm + NAA 20 ppm, CPPU 10 ppm + NAA 30 ppm, CPPU 15 ppm + NAA 40 ppm and control (water spray) with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The plants sprayed with CPPU 10 ppm + NAA 30 ppm significantly increased the fruit set (60.13%), fruit retention (60.53%), fruit firmness (118.21 N), fruit weight (205.77 g), fruit length (13.87 cm), fruit diameter (96.58 mm), fruit volume (251.23 ml), fruit yield per plant (31.21 kg plant− 1), and fruit yield per hectare (86.45 q ha− 1), while reducing fruit drop (39.47%) compared to the control. Similarly, the same treatment CPPU 10 ppm + NAA 30 ppm recorded maximum total soluble solids (14.76%), TSS: acid ratio (54.67), pectin (2.10% calcium pectate), vitamin C (287.45 mg/100 g pulp), total sugars (8.08%) and reduced titratable acidity (0.27%) compared to the control. Overall, it can be concluded that plants sprayed with CPPU 10 ppm + NAA 30 ppm showed a significant improvement in the yield and quality of guava, followed by CPPU 10 ppm as compared to the control.

Data availability

The datasets generated during the current study are available as Supplementary Material/or will be deposited in a public repository upon acceptance.

References

  1. Pandey, A. et al. Response of nutrients and bagging materials on fruit growth and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) during rainy season. Int. J. Adv. Biochem. Res. 9 (4), 1018–1022. https://doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i4l.4220 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Maurya, R. et al. Maximizing productivity, economic gain and soil fertility of guava (Psidium guajava L.) based agroforestry systems. Indian J. Agron. 70, 104–111 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Satarkar, V. R. et al. Spatial distribution of major Bactrocera fruit flies attracted to methyl eugenol in different ecological zones of Goa, India. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 29 (4), 195–201 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Vargas, R. I. et al. An overview of pest species of Bactrocera fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the integration of biopesticides with other biological approaches for their management with a focus on the Pacific region. Insects 6, 297–318. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects6020297 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Murphy, A. Guava: cultivation, antioxidant properties and health benefits (Nova Science Publishers, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sharma, R. R. & Krishna, H. Fruit Production: Major Fruits. (Daya Publishing House, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sabaghnia, Z. & Nahandi, F. Z. Effects of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on fruit properties of guava. Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie-Skłodowska Sect. C Biol. 72 (2), 7–14 (2019).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Agnihotri, A. et al. Effect of crop regulators on growth, yield and quality of guava. Ann. Plant. Soil. Res. 15 (1), 54–57 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Xie, X. et al. Effect of CPPU on fruit quality and residue analysis in kiwifruit. J. Food Compos. Anal. 133, 106383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2024.106383 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aremu, A. O. et al. Applications of cytokinins in horticultural fruit crops: Trends and future prospects. Biomolecules 10(9), 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10091222 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Agrawal, S. & Dikshit, S. N. Studies on the effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of sapota (Achras sapota L.) cv. Cricket Ball. Indian J. Agric. Res. 42(3), 207–211 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vani, N. U. Effect of pre-harvest sprays of plant growth regulators and micronutrients on fruit set, fruit drop and fruit retention of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Lucknow-49. Indian J. Pure Appl. Biosci. 8(6), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8464 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Singh, K. et al. Effect of plant growth regulators on fruit yield and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda. J. Pure Appl. Microbiol. 11 (2), 1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.11.2.61 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gill, K. S. et al. Enhancing postharvest shelf life and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda by pre-harvest application of hexanal containing aqueous formulation. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 112, 224–232 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Shreekant, R. D. & Kumar, U. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on fruit set, yield attributes and yield of winter season guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. L-49. Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci. 5(5), 1415–1419 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Joundale, R. B. et al. Studies on combination of different forms of potassium and micronutrients on fruit yield and post-harvest quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.). International Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 10(2), 74–82 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ms, A. R. & Kb, S. Enhancement of yield and quality of guava cv. Lucknow-49 by foliar application of nutrients under high-density planting system. Madras Agric. J. https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.000503 (2021).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ruck, J. A. Chemical methods for analysis of fruit and vegetable products (Research Station Summerland, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  19. A.O.A.C. Official Methods of Analysis 16th ed. (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1995).

  20. Lubis, N. et al. Determination of vitamin C in red guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit juice with variation of beverage packaging. Indones J. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 11 (2), 148–155 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Yemm, E. W. & Willis, A. J. The estimation of carbohydrates in plant extracts by anthrone. Biochem. J. 57, 508–514 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stern, R. A. et al. CPPU and BA increase fruit size of ‘Royal Gala’ (Malus domestica) apple in a warm climate. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol. 78(3), 297–302 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Greene, D. W. The development and use of plant bioregulators in tree fruit production. In XI Int. Symp. Plant Bioregulators Fruit Prod. 884, 31–40 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Silva et al. Plant growth regulators as thinners in guava orchards increase larger fruits with higher nutritional value. Emir J. Food Agric. 34 (2), 107–116 (2022).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Guirguis, N. S. et al. Effect of Sitofex (CPPU) on fruit set and fruit quality of Le Conte pear cultivar. Ann. Agric. Sci. 41, 271–282 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Khandaker, M. M. et al. Fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple as affected by localized application of GA3 under field conditions. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 56(1), 11–20 (2013).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sexena, D. Role of auxin in horticultural fruit crops. Int. J. 8 (6), 2211–2214 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vejendla, V. et al. Effect of chemicals and growth regulators on fruit retention, yield and quality of mango cv. Amrapali. J. Crop Weed. 4 (2), 45–46 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rehman, M. U. et al. Effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and calcium chloride on preharvest drop and quality of ‘Red Delicious’ apples. Can. J. Plant. Sci. 97 (5), 902–905 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Darshan, D. et al. Plant bioregulators induced manipulation in the yield attributes of mango cv. Langra. Indian J. Hortic. 81(1), 88–92. https://doi.org/10.58993/ijh/2024.81.1.14 (2024).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bangerth, F. Abscission and thinning of young fruit and their regulation by plant hormones and bioregulators. Plant. Growth Regul. 31, 43–59 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Dhaliwal, G. S. & Singh, R. Effect of different pruning levels on vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting in Sardar guava. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci. 33(3–4), 175–177 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pujari, K. H. et al. Effect of Swell (CPPU) on fruit retention, fruit quality and yield of Alphonso mango. Plant. Arch. 16 (2), 649–653 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mostafa, L. Y. et al. Effect of NAA and CPPU on fruit drop, yield and quality of avocado trees. Egypt. J. Hortic. 47(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejoh.2020.44228.1144 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Paniagua, C. et al. Fruit softening and pectin disassembly: An overview of nanostructural pectin modifications assessed by atomic force microscopy. Ann. Bot. 114(6), 1375–1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcu149 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Qiu, G. L. et al. Correlation between fruit weight and nutritional metabolism during development in CPPU-treated Actinidia chinensis ‘Hongyang’. PeerJ 8, e9724. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9724 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tripathi, V. K. et al. Influence of foliar application of gibberellic acid, calcium and boron on fruit drop, yield and quality attributes of aonla (Emblica officinalis) cv. NA 7. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 88, 1784–1788 (2018).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Anshuman Singh, A. S. & Singh, H. K. Application of plant growth regulators to improve fruit yield and quality in Indian gooseberry. J. Agric. Res. 2, 20–23 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Shukla, H. S. et al. Effect of gibberellic acid and boron on development and quality of aonla fruits ‘Banarasi’. Acta Hortic. 890, 375–380 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Patidar, A. et al. Response of foliar feeding of nutrients on quality attribute of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Chittidar and Allahabad Safeda. Curr. Hortic. 13 (3), 73–76 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Darshan, D. et al. Impact of plant growth regulators and nutrients on guava (Psidium guajava L.) yield in the south-eastern Rajasthan. Curr. Hortic. 13 (3), 47–52 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wahdan, M. T. et al. Effect of some chemicals on growth, fruiting, yield and fruit quality of Succary Abiad mango cv. Am. J. Sci. Res. 7, 651–658 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dubey, V. et al. Effect of plant bio-regulators and micronutrients on vegetative growth, yield and quality of strawberry cv. Chandler. Prog Res. 12, 330–332 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All the authors are thankful to the Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, for providing the necessary research facilities during the investigation period.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India

    Anurag Mourya, Devi Darshan, Akshay Kumar, Sampurna Nand Singh & Udit Singh

Authors

  1. Anurag Mourya
  2. Devi Darshan
  3. Akshay Kumar
  4. Sampurna Nand Singh
  5. Udit Singh

Contributions

The experiment was conceptualized and designed by Dr. Devi Darshan. It was supervised by Dr. Akshay Kumar and Dr. Sampurna Nand Singh. Data collection, analysis, and manuscript drafting were carried out by Anurag Mourya, who also performed the experiments. Udit Singh critically reviewed and revised the manuscript for final approval.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Devi Darshan.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The authors confirm that all experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the relevant institutional committees, and that the experiments were carried out in full compliance with the applicable institutional guidelines and regulations.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mourya, A., Darshan, D., Kumar, A. et al. Influence of synthetic derivatives of cytokinin and auxin on yield and quality of rainy season guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Shweta. Sci Rep (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42599-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42599-5

Keywords

Associated content